Chapter 6 Flashcards

Question

AL similarities with LCP | - (boys)

Answer 1

- Teen offending patters of AL and LCP may be sim during adolescent years - The 2 types cant be discriminated on most indicators of antisocial behavior during adelscense; boys on LCP and AL paths sim on parent, self and offical records of offedning, delinq, sub abuse, unsafe sex, dangerous drving

Answer 2

- found many AL’s at age 26 still in trouble; altho AL men far better than LCP men, they fared poorly relative to those with no delinq history. AL men accounted for 2x share of property and drug convictions in adulthood compared to no history men. This was not expected by theory - speculated that perhaps it was bc adulthood in contemp society may begin after 25 so new developmental stage is called emerging adulthood that prolongs crime promoting of adolescence - However, Moffitt’s research shows there still may need to be another classification to account for persitent offending in adults (some persistnet offenders begin in adolescene rather than childhood) - This pattern especially the case for females

Answer 3

characterized by roleless floundering, percieve self as neither adult or choose adult roles historically favored. They will stop offedning soon

Answer 4

AL offender, Al who continues into early adulthood then stops, early onset LCP, late-onset LCP

Answer 5

- LCP pattern more likely to be followed by males (10 to 1) gender diffs shown for all AL patterns (very small (1.5 to 1)) - majority of female delinqs appear to fit the AL pattern only 1.4% fit LCP - Moffitt says an ongoing association with delinq peers is important factor in onset of delinq in girls; intimate relationship with male delinq connected to female delinq - girls tend to engage in serious antisocial behavior for the first time at later ages (adolescence) that boys; delayed bc of factors like parental and school based socialization practices that encourage them to restrict outward aggression. Evidence that high percent of antisocial girls began antisocial behavior before age 10; suggests that larger portion of girls can be considered early onset delinqs than prev believed and may follow same develop trajectory pattern as boys - parental transitons such as sepearation, divorce, death and bio parental criminatlity strongest predictors of early onset offedning in girls - Studies suggest girls and women who follow early traject of antisoc behavior exhibit behaviors thruough life span and manifestmaladustment probs in adulthood; may have life of difficulty - Adolescent-onset females do not have same degreee of probs as LCP’s but still at risk of poor outcomes espec financial, physical health, mental health difficutlies (in sum, persistent antisocial behavior whether in child or adolescene is often precursor of other probs in adulthood) - shows girls tend to follow same developmental paths as boys towards delinquency but risk factors may be diff; girls more invested in interpersonal relations and more likely to be affected by parental conflicts. Peer influences also diff bc girls more likely to be involed with deliq men than thru delinq gangs

Answer 6

- Similar to Moffitts theory; by Gerald Patterson - Also believes that early starters at greater risk of more serious criminal offending; major diffs is Patterson places more emphasis on role of parenting rather than focsing on charactersitics of child - contends that poor parental monitroing of child activities, disruptive family transistions, and inconsitent discipline major psychosocial contributors to early-onset deliquency - is family enviro where child learns coercive behaviors (temper tantrums) to escape parental discipline - some children more likely than others to elicit inept parenting strategies (child w/ irritable temp) In corercive cycle, parent and child each behave in way that is annoyting to the other in attempt to control others behavior. Corercion becomes child’s primary interpersonal strategy and it generalizes outside the home; antisocial behavior is sessn as progressing from faulty parent-toddler interactions to similar interactionsin child’s enviro - based on social learning: developmental trajectories for antisocial initiated, maintained, diversified as result of daily social experiences with parents, sibs, peers that are aversive, inconsistent and unsupportive

Answer 7

- identifies 2 trajectories toward antisocial characterized by orderly sequence of stages: Early and Late onsets 1. Leads to early arrest (prior to 14) and adult crime 2. Leads to late-onset arrests and desistance from adult crime - Rep variations of same basic processes; social environmental influences (divorce, poverty, parent depression) work in combo with inept parenting and deviant peer. Inept parenting is use of ineffective discipline practices like physical punishment and display antisocial themselves with freq divorce 1. early onset begins in preschool years while late begins in mid adol 2. inept parenting more sever for early onset 3. levels of social incompetence more pronounced for early - Early onset tend to show limited levels of social skills, disruptive peer relations, lower self-esteem (late onset show same but not as severe) - for early onsets high vs. late onsets is low - diffs in aggression in place by five and persist thru adolescence (largely in boys) result of enviro experiences and reinfrocements encountered by boys and girls; boys and girls evoke diff responses from parents and each gender responds diff to same parenting conditions - Parents more corecive with boys; more pronounced for highly aggressive boys and girls; girls less antisocial bc less involved in coercive parent interactions - Peer socilization play role in preschool and kinderg; boys and girls have strong pref for interaction with same gender beginng at 3; boys more noncompliant and rough together while grils more cooperative, verbal, mutual accomadating; there are fewer high antisocial same gender peers for girls to model; when girls do show antisocial often in adolescent years and tied to pubescene

Answer 8

- Children possess personality traits that render them susceptible to anitsocial behavior - group of traits most studied; identified by Paul Frick. Used research to determine detection of childhood precursors to adult psychopathoy. Identified children with CD but severe chronic antisocial behavior beyond normal in others with CD. Showed lack of empathetic concern, limited capacity for guilt, poverty of emotional expression (typically all found in adult psychopaths) - Contemp research found children with CU traits not afraid of being punished for aggressive actions and view aggression as effective means for dominating others; tend to minimize victim suffering and openly acknowledge caring little about distress of others - CU traits predictive of severe aggression patterns of behavior for both boys and girls as young as 3 and 4. Most distrubing is level of aggression in CU children is beyond those in juv offenders predictive of lifelong serious violent offending - Number of chidren with high CU traits between 13-36% in incarcerated antisocial juvs to 10-32% in community - Diagnosis of CD not necscarry for possessing CU traits (cruelty to animales was one of indicators designating CU traits in research) - Research suggests that signf and sustained reduction in CU traits in children accomplished thru sophisticated, multimodal, CBT treatments; combined with parental factors (warmth, low harsh displine) most promising results

Answer 9

-Regardless of number of paths, main feature of all is age of onset of serious antiscoail behavior and severity/persistence of offending as child grows into adolesc

Answer 10

− Each year more than 2 mill youth come into contact with juv justice system − Substantial number of them (65-70%) have serious emotional problems − Study showed 55% of males and females in justice system could receive at least 2 comorbid diagnoses − Disruptive behavior disorders diagnosed in 45% of males and over half of females (51%) − Sub abuse disorders common (1/2) of youth in justic system; research links sub abuse with serious juv offending -Number is overwhelming but unfortunaltely few progrms have been effective − Serious forms of antisocial behavior in school aged children and adolesc partic resestant to change; prone to low motivation for altering antisocial behaviors and show lack of trust, noncompliance, and high anger and impulsivness—most programs aimed at their conduct not effective bc too late in development − Most highly touted programs aimed at early intervention in context of amily envrio

Answer 11

− All effective programs share common features.Some programs don’t necessarily target serious offenders but benefit of all children − Zigler concluded that delinq can be prevented by early childhood programs that promote competence (social, interpersonal, academic) in children across multiple systems in family, school, peers. Made availabe in community settings like schools − programs (emphasizing counseling or social work) deal with a presenting problem have been ineffective bc they focus on single setting or competency applied too late 1. They Begin Early 2. They Follow Developmental Principles 3. They Focus on Multiple Settings and Systems 4. They acknowledge and respect cultural backgrounds 5. They focus on the family first

Answer 12

− Serious antisocial children can be identified by four or five on basis of aggressive, disruptive, noncompliant behavior across home and preschool setting − Some recommend prevention begin no later than first grade and def before 8; early intervention critical bc antisocial children progress in spiral of escalation − Appears to be mysterious jump in antisocial behavior between first and second grade so programs later than 1st must be intensive − Gurra observed that aggressive and antisocial behavior begins to develop earlier in children in economic deprived urban pops (both for boys and girls) − Loeber found that as children progress toward more serious delinq behavior they move toward diversification rather than one specfic behavior; so children at risk more likely to engage in increasing violent offending as they grow older while still exhibiting less serious problems (those in gang beating will still use drugs)

Answer 13

Critical to understand factors that place youth on trajec of serious delinq and important to understand how these factors interact with social enviro − Data shows that protective factors must be constantly present at trans form early to late adolesc and not at single point − Tremblay, LeMarq and Vitaro examined 50 programs and found 20 were evaluated under test conditions. Those most effective based on sound developmental research; Linking approp prevention program with developmental stage of youth paramount for long term success

Answer 14

− Succesful programs must not only begin as early as possible but skillfully directed at as many causes and neg influences as possible - utilize multipronged appraoches concentrating on treating children thru broad social enviro, including improving family and peer relations and helping academic skills for school success. Also include prenatal and perinatal care and health edu for preg women which helps risk of head and neuro injuries, exposure to toxins, maternal sub abuse, nutritional defs, perinatal difficulties - Little doubt that living conds in poor inner cities harsh and daily violence, sub abuse, child abuse and hoplessness is disruptive to norm development even if exp indeirectly. For child who is exposed to adverse family, inadequate living, with lil oppurtun to develop rudiments of social, interpersonal, and academic skills for dealing with enviro, damage inrerperable (Longer exposed to adverse enviro, more difficutl to modify life away from crime)

Answer 15

− Although some urban neighborhoods have risk factors, they also may be rich in values and traditions that can serve as protective factors (ethnic groups may place value on extendeded family, music, traditions) These cultural markers can affect antisocial behavior developing; promoting or suppressing it − Effective programs are sensitive to family’s cultural background and promote it’s positive apspects − Even poverty can affect individuals diff on basis of ethnicity and the meaning of poverty in that culture (ex: one group may regard being poor as matter of fact and another may see it as sign of oppression)

Answer 16

− Most succesful interventions concentrate first on imporving the parenting and family system in general followed by imporoving peer realtions and academics − charactersitics linked to delinq regardless of SES or ethnicity (poor parent monitoring, supervision, inconsistent discipline, lack of family cohesion) −focusing on interventions that will foster nurturing, health, family enviro’s −Research also shows that emotional closeness and family cohesion (child gets emotional support, adequate communication, love) are essential in prevention −Thus far tho interventions have been unsuccessful in utilizing peer groups as effective change agents in modifying antisocial behaviors; peer focused can actually have unintended neg effects if they require increased contact with antiscoail peers (found that putting high risk teens in gorups together encouraged tobacco and problem behaviors in school) − Recommend not to use programs that use antisocial peers as change agents unless carefully designed

Answer 17

Focus on imporving positive social and prosocial skills, enhancing academic and learning skills and promoting self-esttem

Answer 18

− Many programs tried with adolescents over past 30 years but few have been submitted to rigorious evaluation; most have failed if we use future offending or longeterm positive outcomes as criteria - Three categories of treatment; they are similar to the public health model of prevention proposed by Gordon 1. Primary (universal) Prevention 2. Selective (secondary) Prevention 3. Tertiary (treatment) Prevention −provides structure but often they overlap bc many programs target a mix of populations (Ex: Project Headstart developed as a catch up edu program for eco disadvnataged families was considered a primary prevention program but evolved into broader program that helps a wider socioeconomic specturm; bc some may be a serious “at-risk” child, the programs may be considered a selective one

Answer 19

designed to prevent delinquent behavior before any signs emerge. Often implemented before age 7 or 8. Typically conducted in school or prek and focus on large groups of children regardless of their possiblility in risk of delinquency. Most cases, target all children in particular geo setting (school) wihtout any further selection criteria - Many require promulagation of far reaching policies and procedures with have legislative funding - widespread programs to enhance prenatal care, maternal infant care, family management programs for prek. Example of this approach: developemnt of resilence in young children before school entry or soon after entry −In past, programs tired to to focus on reducing or eleminating risk factors that children face during formative years; however recent years there is a shift emphasizing development of protective factors (resilience) −Development of resilience extremely effective method for primary and selective prevention and treatment

Answer 20

−programs designed to foster and maintain resilience in youth also known as strenght-based programs − Resilience is made up of ordinary (rather than extraordinary) processes and that avg child can be taught − Prevention programs that promote cognitive and social competencies, imporve child-rearing practices in family, and foster development of effective social support systems most likely to be effective in long run − Strategies to develp resilience include enhancment of childs strengths and interests, reduction of risk or stressors, faciliation of protective processes − Risk factors hard to change; Children who at risk have been exposed to aversive events that often cant be reversed (include dire eco situatios, abuse, rejection by peers, trauma) this is why researchers advocate to help youth learn how to manage their risks −no single means of maintaining equilibrium following highly aversive events but multiple pathways to resilience (ex: most prominent resili factor in girls at risk of delinq was academic motivation, desire to go to college, absence of sub abuse, feeling loved and wanted, belief that teachers treat fairly, parents trusting them and religion.) −Girls who were succesful in school more likely to comit property offense during young adulhood; strongest protective factor was extent to which girl felt she had caring adults in life

Answer 21

avg youth was 12 years old, from diverse cultures and over 1/3rd girls who had all expereienced serious life stressors and not getting satisfactory help. Researchers target four resili factors for therapuatic intervention; positive peer interactions, self-efficacy, creativity, and coherence. Found that child therapy focusing on these four has potentional to increase resilience

Answer 22

Example of culturally sensitive program for resili development, a school curriculum designed to promote self-esteem, self-efficacy, improved prob solving, in inner city fourth graders. What really made a differnce was the program’s focus on students own ancestorl history, beliefs, values and choices thru the curriculum. In order to imporve resili, children must touch base with cultural identity

Answer 23

children and adolescents who are at high risk and display ealry signs of antisocial behavior but have not been classificed delinq by court. Bassic assumption is that early detection/intervention will prevent them from graduating into more serious, persistnet offeding - Ex: {Perry Preschool Project in 1962, organized edu program directed at cognitive and social development of young children considered high risk of delinquency and school failure - Ex: (Juvenile diversion which diverts first time offenders from formal court processing but places them in short term programs to discourage them from reoffending - they focus on youth that should beneift most from these services; effort most concentrated on those at risk - they isolate and label children as potentioal problems and create self fulfilling prophecy − found that selective programs with at risk youth tend to be succesful when intervention aims at more than one risk factor (child’s disruptive behavior, aggression, parenting), lasts for long period (more than one year) and implememted before adolescence. Must be quality time and more intensive the better −Diversion programs can be effective depending on what appraoch taken. Diversion from standard prosecution is now standard part of crim justice process; with juvies, diversion often accomp by sub abuse or mental health treatment -High risk children can be identified with accuracy at least by beginning of elementary school − Selective programs can be more efficient, more intensive, more focused than universal ones − Prevention methods must span from childhood to adolescence bc new risk factors emerge at each new developmental stage − About 7 million youth partic vulnerable to delinq, gangs, crime, violence; additional 17 million are moderate risk of dropping out for either bullying or suicide

Answer 24

“treatment bc designed to reduce serious habitual antisocial behavior by adjudicated delinqs. Usually those fully involved delinquents have been referred by psychological care or placed in residential correction facility, training schools or rehabilitation centers

Answer 25

− Is a multisite, mulitcomponent prevention program for young children at high rsik of long-term antisocial behavior. It is a two-pronged project: participants both high-risk (selective prevention) and all children in school grades 1-5 (universal) − Based on developmental pathway theory and is longitudinal in design; posits that multiple influences interact in development of antisoial behavior − Children in high risk began to show persistent serious antisocial behavior in early childhood (before first grade) -Program has 2 phases: elementary schools (1-5) and adolescent periods (grades 6-10) 1. Elementary phase addresses 6 areas of risk and protective factors: parenting, child social problem-solving and emotional coping skills, peer relations, class room atmosphere, academic achievement with focus on reading, and home-school relations 2. Adolescent phase focuses on 4 areas assoc with succesful adjustment: peer affiliation and peer influence, academic orientation and achievment, social cognition and identity development, and parent and family relationships. Protective role of parent superviosion also emphasized − Results showed that children in high risk group relative to control children progressed in acquistion of most skills deemed to be protective factors. Parents in the programs also showed more warmth, consistnet discipline, self-efficacy, positive school involvment − However, fast track study faced many challenges and discovered how difficult it is to overcome effects of dangerious crime-ridden neighborhoods and influences of impovershiced families with parent psyhopahtology and sub abuse

Answer 26

− Treatment programs that concentrate on self-regulation skills and changing thought processes hold considerable promise if it includes family, school, peers and community − Also apparent from pscyh perspective that most effective treatment for both juvies and adults based on the RNR (risks, needs, responsivity) approach (CBT appraoches fit the RNR principles) − Commonly juvenile court refers delinq to outpatient mental health clinic for counseling; relies on one-on-one approach. Treatment provides corrective experience by providing insght and exploring new behaviors − Literature suggests that treatments that fouces primarly on changing indvid charactersitics (cognistions) without also targeting relevant factors with caregivers (parental monitrong) peers, and school might be of limited usefulness - such as residiential and incarceration not effective and expensive; incarceration may not even serve as community protection

Answer 27

-have had lil success whether in community or residential setting; treatment programs that have worked on mild limited offenders more unsuccesful when applied to LCPs − The poor track record with LCPs has promted some professionals to resist providing rehaviitation services to the serious offender − However, rehaviliation and treatment in LCPs often too simplistic such as focusing only on individual and not recognizing influences (family, peer, school) that promote behavior

Answer 28

is juvenile "training school” or rehabilition center where youths are incarcerated for extended periods of time, sometimes until adulthood; typically physically secure and maybe last stop for youths -Youths in residential have high rates of sub abuse, emotional distrubance, low academic achievment − Research not encouraging; studies demonstrate that inacarcerated offenders in residential treatment have higher rates of crime after release than counterparts who get intensive family community treatment − evaluated effectivness of 200 treatment programs for serious juv offenders both institutionalized and non; no one treatment showing superiority; avg program for both produced 12% reduction in subsequent reoffesne rates. -Most effective programs (teaching family home, interpersonal skills development) able to produce 40% reduction while some (wilderness challenge/vocational programs, milieu therapy) larely ineffective. Most effective ones inlcuded key components of focusing on social skills, parent management, and family support.

Answer 29

−Boot camps for juvies modeled after adult correctional model that emerged in 1980s −Also called “shock incarceration”, short term intensive military style program intended for nonviolent offenders; intended to be more rehabilitative in nature offering for ex sub abuse treatment along with community follup up (after shock) −By early 1990s, 10 states opened boot camps −Office of Juv Justice and Delinq Prevention funded demo projects at 3 sites to develop and evaluate boot camp for ages 13-18 1. Serves as cost effective instituitional alternative 2. Promote discipline thru physical conditioning and teamwork 3. Instill moral values and work ethic 4. Promote literacy and increase academic skills 5. Reduce drug use 6. Encourage them to be productive lawabiding ppl 7. Ensure they are accountable for actions − In the 3 funded demo’s the boot camp was 90-days that was focused on military drills, discipline, physical conditioning including uniforms with rehabilitative activities (edu, life skills, counseling, sub abuse) − wide range of offenses but exluded violent ones −In all 3 sites showed short term success during residential phase, at least 80% of boys graduated and improved in edu, physical fitness, behavior and respect for authority, self-disciplin, teamwork Youth rate exp positivley but results short lived −Aftercare of program was discouraging; some provided were aftercare centers, mainstreaming into local boys clubs, academic instruction, drug counseling, support services −In one year follow up all 3 reported high rates of noncompliance, absentism, and new arrests −No site graduated more than 50% of its after care ppl and terminations were common caused by new arrests in two sites

Answer 30

−By 2008, there was approx 50 public and private camps in US with most privately operated − Three identifable boot camp styles (military drilling, rehabilitative, edu/vocational model) majority however still focus on military drill which focuses on discipline as central theme

Answer 31

Multi systematic therapy (MST) focuses on family unit and can include both serious delinqs and siblings −developed by Scott Henggler for serious juv offenders, responsive to many social systems influencing behavior; MST is action based program in that it tries to get family involved to take action rather than just talking − Major focus of MST is family and major part of treatment is family involvment − Addresses cognitive and systematic (family, peer, school) that are assoc with risk factors; counselors and families work together to identify both strenghts and prob areas. Also helps youth in interpersonal skills that hinder acceptance by peers and developing parental monitoring with effective communication − Since its start in 1970s, more than 450 operating in 30 states and 11 nations serving more than 15000 − MST is intensive time limited form of intervention where therapists have daily contact for 60 hours over four months; caseload small (avg 4-6 families) − To extent MST based on systems model by Bronfenbrenner Basically focuses on strenght of family

Answer 32

results showed they were less likely to be arrested or incarcerated by 64% during 59 week followup compared to community services; also less aggressive with peers. Lowest rearrest rate held for 2.5 years after treatment − compared to individu therapy in 176 juv offenders at high risk of committing crime. Four year follow up on rearrest data showed MST more effective in preventing future crime including violent; reduced by 63% over four years. MST’s had 54% fewer arrests and 57% fewer days in confinement − Numerous trials show MST reuces youth criminal behavior, sub abuse, psych symptoms and out of home placements and imporves family relations/school 1. changes in caregiver’s discipline and 2. reduction in youth assoc with deviant peers − for improvement in parental discipline is parental sense of competence; it enhances faith in own ability to parent in terms of warmth, affection, supervision, approp discipline − Longest follow up sutdy on MST found after 22 years positive impact of therapy still significant; they were less likely to be arrested for felonies than others (34% vs. 54%)

Answer 33

- Minimum age youth can be adjudicated delinquent is 10 yrs (Under age of 10 may be defined as dependent children) - Specified felony offenses, committed w/ deadly weapon, by individual age 15 or older are excluded from definition of delinquent act - Anyone charged w/ murder is automatically excluded from juvenile court jurisdiction, regardless of age

Answer 34

1. abolished death penalty for convicted killers less than age 18; violated 8th amendment 2. prevents life sentence w/out opportunity for parole for non- homicide offenses by juveniles; violeated 8th amendment, neurological development has not finished in prefrontal lobes 3. Abolished mandatory life sentence w/out possibility of parole for juveniles

Answer 35

- 1.64 million under 18 - 30% (18% of the 30 violent) - 27%

Answer 36

New treatment model, juv jail on college campus

Chapter 6 Flashcards

(60 cards)