1
Q
memory
A
- the ability to store and retrieve information over time
- 3 key functions of memory: encoding, storage, retrieval
- influenced by type of encoding regardless if we consciously intend to remember an event or not
2
Q
encoding
A
- the process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
- most instances of memory performance reflect encoding strategies rather than photographic memory
- semantic, visual imagery, and organizational encoding all increase memory but use different parts of the brain
3
Q
storage
A
the process of maintaining information in memory over time
- 3 kinds of memory storage: sensory, short-term, long-term
- depends on changes in synapses
4
Q
retrieval
A
the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored
5
Q
semantic encoding
A
the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory
6
Q
visual imagery encoding
A
- the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures
- can substantially improve memory
7
Q
organizational encoding
A
the process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items
8
Q
sensory memory
A
a type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less
9
Q
iconic memory
A
a fast-decaying store of VISUAL information
10
Q
echoic memory
A
a fast-decaying store of AUDITORY information
11
Q
short-term memory
A
a type of storage that holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute (~15-20 sec)
12
Q
rehearsal
A
the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it
13
Q
chunking
A
combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory
14
Q
working memory
A
active maintenance of information in short-term storage
15
Q
long-term memory
A
- a type of memory that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years
- not everyone is able to store long-term memory
- hippocampal region of brain is critical for putting new information into the long-term storage
16
Q
anterograde amnesia
A
- the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store
- result when hippocampal region is damaged
17
Q
retrograde amnesia
A
the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or surgery
18
Q
consolidation
A
- the process by which memories become stable in the brain
- these memories are more resistant to disruption
- sleep contributes to memory consolidation
19
Q
reconsolidation
A
memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to become consolidated again
20
Q
long-term potentiation (LTP)
A
- a process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier
- increases synaptic connections
21
Q
retrieval cue
A
- external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind
- effective when they are given in the same context as when we encoded an experience
ex. moods and inner states
22
Q
encoding specificity principle
A
the idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded
23
Q
state-dependent retrieval
A
the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval
24
Q
transfer-appropriate processing
A
the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match
25
retrieval-induced forgetting
- a process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items
- improves subsequent memory of the retrieved information but impairs subsequent remembering of related info that is not retrieved
26
Parts of brain dealing with remembering
- neuroimaging studies suggest trying to remember activates left frontal lobe
- successful recovery of stored info activates the hippocampus and regions in the brain related to sensory aspects of an experience
27
explicit memory
(WITH CONSCIOUS RECALL)
| the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences
28
implicit memory
(WITHOUT CONSCIOUS RECALL)
- the influence of past experiences on later behavior and performance, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection
- retained in people with amnesia
29
procedural memory
(MOTOR AND COGNITIVE SKILLS)
| the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things
30
priming
(ENHANCED INDEIFICATION OF OBJECTS/WORDS)
| an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus
31
semantic memory
(FACTS AND GENERAL INFORMATION)
| a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
32
episodic memory
(PERSONALLY EXPERIENCED EVENTS)
| the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
33
collaborative memory
remembering in groups
- collaborative remembering can both impair memory (collaborative inhibition) and enhance it by exposing people to new info and helping to correct errors
34
7 sins of memory (memory failures)
1. transience (forgetting what occurs with the passage of time, first rapid forgetting and then gradual)
2. absentmindedness (lapse in attention that results in memory failure, results in forgetting to do things in future)
3. blocking (failure to retrieve info that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it, when info is "on the tip of your tongue")
4. memory misattribution (assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source, can result in eyewitness misidentification or false recognition)
5. suggestibility (the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections)
6. bias (the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences)
7. persistence (the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget, influenced by the amygdala)
35
retroactive interference
situations in which information learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier
36
proactive interference
situations in which information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later
37
prospective memory
remembering to do things in the future
38
source memory
recall of when, where, and how information was acquired
39
false recognition
a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn't been encountered before
- common in people with frontal lobe damage
40
flashbulb memories
detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events
41
Encoding is the process
a. by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
b. of maintaining information in memory over time
c. of bringing to mind information that has been previously stored
d. through which we recall information previously learned but forgotten
a. by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
42
What is the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already in memory?
a. spontaneous encoding
b. organization encoding
c. semantic encoding
d. visual imagery encoding
c. semantic encoding
43
Our human ancestors depended on the encoding of
a. organizational information
b. reproductive mechanisms
c. survival-related information
d. pleasantness conditions
c. survival-related information
44
What kind of memory storage holds information for a second or two?
a. retrograde memory
b. working memory
c. short-term memory
d. sensory memory
d. sensory memory
45
The process by which memories become stable in the brain is called
a. consolidation
b. long-term memory
c. iconic memory
d. hippocampal indexing
a. consolidation
46
Long-term potentiation occurs through
a. the interruption of communication between neurons
b. the strengthening of synaptic connections
c. the reconsolidation of disrupted memories
d. sleep
b. the strengthening of synaptic connections
47
The increased likelihood of recalling a sad memory when you are in a sad mood is an illustration of
a. the encoding specificity principle
b. state-dependent retrieval
c. transfer-appropriate processing
d. memory accessibility
b. state-dependent retrieval
48
Which of the following statements regarding the consequences of memory retrieval is false?
a. retrieval-induced forgetting can affect eyewitness memory
b. the act of retrieval can strengthen a retrieved memory
c. retrieval can impair subsequent memory
d. retrieval boosts subsequent memory through the repetition of information
d. retrieval boosts subsequent memory through the repetition of information
49
Neuroimaging studies suggest that trying to remember activates the
a. left frontal lobe
b. hippocampal region
c. occipital lobe
d. upper temporal lobe
a. left frontal lobe
50
The act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences is
a. priming
b. procedural memory
c. implicit memory
d. explicit memory
d. explicit memory
51
People who have amnesia are able to retain all of the following except
a. explicit memory
b. implicit memory
c. procedural memory
d. priming
a. explicit memory
52
Remembering a family reunion that you attended as a child illustrates
a. semantic memory
b. procedural memory
c. episodic memory
d. perceptual priming
c. episodic memory
53
The rapid decline in memory, followed by more gradual forgetting, is reflected by
a. chunking
b. blocking
c. absentmindedness
d. transience
d. transience
54
Eyewitness misidentification or false recognition is most likely a result of
a. memory misattribution
b. suggestibility
c. bias
d. retroactive interference
a. memory misattribution
55
The fact that emotional arousal generally leads to enhanced memory is supported by
a. egocentric bias
b. persistence
c. proactive interference
d. source memory
b. persistence
PSYCH 1101
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