Chapter 6

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

ability to store and retrieve info overtime

Question 2

3 key functions

Answer 2

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

• process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
• memories are made by combining info. we already have
• memories are constructed not recorded
• 3 types; Sematic, Visual, Organizational

Question 4

Sematic Encoding

Answer 4

• process of relating new info in a meaningful way to knowledge already stored in memory; lower left parts of the frontal and temporal lobes
• Sematic judgements: meaning of word
• Ryme judgements: sound of word
• Case judgements: appearance of word
• long-term retention is enhanced

Question 5

Visual Imagery Encoding

Answer 5

• process of storing new info by converting it into mental pics
• activates processing regions in occipital lobe
• relates incoming knowledge to present knowledge
• helps to have 2 mental placeholders (visual and verbal); more ways to remember

Question 6

Organizational Encoding

Answer 6

• categorizing info according to the relationships among terms
• can improve recall by organizing everything into multiple-lvl categories
• activates the upper surface of the left frontal lobe

Question 7

Surviving Encoding

Answer 7

• including sematic, visual imagery, organizational encoding

- encouraging extensive planning to benefit memory

Question 8

Storage

Answer 8

maintaining info in memory overtime

-Sensory, Short-term, Long-term

Question 9

Sensory Memory

Answer 9

• hold sensory info for a few secs. or less
• Iconic: fast-decaying store of visual info; 1 sec or less
• Echoic: fast-decaying store of auditory info; 5 secs

Question 10

Short-term

Answer 10

-holds non-sensory info for more than a few secs but less than a min ; ex. phone #

Question 11

Long-term

Answer 11

• type of storage that holds info for awhile
• no capacity limits
• hippocampal patient H.M.

Question 12

Rehearsal

Answer 12

process of keeping info in short-term by repeating it

Question 13

Serial Position Effect

Answer 13

first and last items are more likely to be remembered

Question 14

Chunking

Answer 14

combining small pieces of info into large clusters or chunks to make it easier to store

Question 15

Working Memory

Answer 15

• active maintenance of info in short-term storage
• consists of; central executive–>controls flow of info, Visuo-spatial sketchpad/ phonological loop, Episodic buffer–> ingrates info

Question 16

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 16

inability to transfer new info from short-term to long-term

Question 17

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 17

inability to retrieve info before a particular date

Question 18

Consolidation

Answer 18

memories become stable in brain

Question 19

Reconsolidation

Answer 19

memories are vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled

Question 20

Long-term potential

Answer 20

communication across the synapse btwn neurons strengthens the connection making future communication easier

Question 21

LTP properties

Answer 21

• occurs along several pathways within hippocampus
• can be induced rapidly
• can last for a long time

Question 22

2 classes of memories

Answer 22

• Explicit: consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences
• Implicit: past experiences influence later behaviour and performance; w/o effort to remember or awareness of the recollection

Question 23

Types of Explicit Memory

Answer 23

• Semantic Memory: network of associated facts and concept that make up general knowledge
• Episodic Memory: collection of past personal experiences that occur at a particular time/ place

Question 24

Types of implicit memory

Answer 24

• Procedural memory: gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice
• Priming: enhanced ability to think of a stimulus as a result of recent exposure to the stimulus

Question 25

Perceptual Priming

Answer 25

implicit memory for the sensory features of an item; right hemisphere, back of brain

Question 26

Conceptual Priming

Answer 26

implicit memory for the meaning of a word or how you would use an object; left hemisphere, front of brain

Question 27

Retrieval

Answer 27

bringing to mind info that has been encoded and stored

Question 28

Retrieval cues

Answer 28

external info associated with stored info to help bring it to mind

Question 29

Encoding-specificity principle

Answer 29

retrieval cue can serve to remind how memory was initially encoded

Question 30

State-dependent retrieval

Answer 30

tendency info to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

Question 31

Transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 31

memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding/ retrieval contexts of the situations match

Question 32

Retrieval-induced forgetting

Answer 32

retrieving an item for long-term memory impairs recall of related items

Question 33

Collaborative memory

Answer 33

how people remember in groups

Question 34

7 sins of memory

Answer 34

- Transience - Absentmindedness - Blocking - Memory misattribution - Suggestibility - Bias - Persistence

Question 35

Transience

Answer 35

- forgetting what occurs with a passage of time - Retroactive interference: later learning impairs memory for info acquired earlier - Proactive interference: earlier learning impairs memory for info acquired later

Question 36

Absentmindedness

Answer 36

- lapse in attention | - Prospective memory: remembering to do things in the future

Question 37

Blocking (tip-of-the-tongue)

Answer 37

- failure to retrieve info that is available in memory | - names and places

Question 38

Memory Misattribution

Answer 38

- assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source - Source Memory: recall of when, where, and how info was acquired - False recognition: a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn't been encountered before

Question 39

Suggestibility (done by others)

Answer 39

-tendency to incorporate misleading info from external sources into personal recollections

Question 40

Bias (done by ourselves)

Answer 40

-distorting influence of present knowledge, beliefs, and feeling on recollection of previous experiences

Question 41

Persistence

Answer 41

- intrusive recollection of events that we want to forget | - Flashbulb memories: detailed recollections of when/ where we heard about shocking events

Question 42

Role of amygdala

Answer 42

-responds strongly to emotional events