Chapter 9

Question 1

Language

Answer 1

system for communications w/ others using signals combined according to grammar rules to convey meaning

Question 2

Grammar

Answer 2

set of rules that specify how the units of language are combined to produce meaningful messages

Question 3

Phonemes

Answer 3

smallest unit of recognizable sound

Question 4

Phonological rules

Answer 4

rules of how phonemes can be combined to make speech sounds

Question 5

Morphemes

Answer 5

Smallest meaningful units of language

Question 6

Morphological Rules

Answer 6

how morphemes are combined to form words

-content/ function morphemes

Question 7

Content Morphemes

Answer 7

things/events

Question 8

Function Morphemes

Answer 8

time/grammar

Question 9

Syntactical Rules

Answer 9

how rules can be combined to form phrases/ sentences

Question 10

Deep Structure

Answer 10

meaning of a sentence

Question 11

Surface Structure

Answer 11

how sentence is worded

Question 12

Theories of language development

Answer 12

Behaviourist, Nativist, Interactionist

Question 13

Behaviourist

Answer 13

learn to talk through reinforcement, shaping, extinction, imitation

Question 14

Nativist

Answer 14

• initiate biological capacity

- evidence to suggest language capacities are built in brain

Question 15

Interactions

Answer 15

-initiate ability to acquire language coupled with social interactions

Question 16

Characteristics of Language development

Answer 16

• children learn at rapid rate
• children make few mistakes while learning to speak
• children’s passive mastery develops faster than active mastery

Question 17

Language milestones

Answer 17

0 - 60 months

Question 18

0-4 months

Answer 18

can tell diff btwn speech sounds

Question 19

4-6 months

Answer 19

babbles

Question 20

6-10 months

Answer 20

Understands some words and simple requests

Question 21

10-12 months

Answer 21

Begins to use single words

Question 22

12-18 months

Answer 22

Vocab of 30-50 words

Question 23

18-24 months

Answer 23

• two-word phrases ordered according to syntactic rules
• vocab 50-200 words
• understand rules

Question 24

24-36 months

Answer 24

• vocab 1000 words

- phrases but not sentences

Question 25

36-60 months

Answer 25

- vocab 10,000 + - full sentences - mastery of grammatical morphemes + function words - Can form questions and negations

Question 26

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Answer 26

language shape the nature of thought

Question 27

Rational Choice Theory

Answer 27

determine likelihood of event and the value of the outcome, then multiply together

Question 28

Frequencies

Answer 28

of times somethin will happen

Question 29

Probability

Answer 29

likelihood something will happen

Question 30

Availability Bias

Answer 30

items that are more readily available in memory are judged as occurring more frequently

Question 31

Heuristic

Answer 31

Fast and efficient strats that facilitate decision-making

Question 32

Algorithms

Answer 32

Well-defined sequences of procedures/ rules that guarantee a soln to a problem

Question 33

Conjunction Fallacy

Answer 33

Thinking that 2 events are more likely to occur together than apart

Question 34

Representativeness Heuristics

Answer 34

- Making a probability judgment by comparing a prototype of a object/ event. - greater similarity = more likely to be members of same category

Question 35

Framing effects

Answer 35

diff answers to same problem | -ex. 70% success vs. 30% failure

Question 36

Sunk-Cost Fallacy

Answer 36

people make decisions about a current situation based on previously invested -ex. buying $100 ticket to a concert in rain, go anyways

Question 37

Optimism Bias

Answer 37

(mom and her good spirits about shit)

Question 38

Prospective Theory

Answer 38

People choose to take on risks when evaluating potential losses and avoid risk when evaluating potential gains

Question 39

PROBLEM SOLVING

Answer 39

.

Question 40

Ill-defined problem

Answer 40

on that does not have a clear goal or well - defined soln paths

Question 41

Well-defined problems

Answer 41

clearly specified goals and soln paths

Question 42

Means-end analysis

Answer 42

process of searching for the means or steps to reduce the differences btwn the current situation and goal

Question 43

Problem solving using means-end analysis

Answer 43

1. analyze goal state 2. Analyze current state 3. List differences btwn current/ goal state 4. Reduce list by : - Direct means - Generate a sub goal - finding a similar problem with known soln

Question 44

Reasoning

Answer 44

mental activity of organizing info or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions -practical and theoretical

Question 45

Practical Reasoning

Answer 45

reasoning directed toward arriving at a better belief

Question 46

Theoretical Reasoning

Answer 46

reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief

Question 47

Logic

Answer 47

system of rules that specify which conclusion follow from a set of statements -used to evaluate reasoning

Question 48

Belief Bias

Answer 48

peoples judgment about whether to accept conclusion

Question 49

Syllogistic Reasoning

Answer 49

assesses if a conclusion follows from 2 statements that are assumed to be true