Chapter 6- Attachment & Emotional Development

Question 1

Emotional Development:

What are the primary emotions? When do they appear?

8pts

Answer 1

• Distress, interest, disgust- birth
• Pleasure/joy (social smile) - around 3 months
• Sadness & Anger - around 4 months
• Fear- around 7- 8 months

Question 2

What are the secondary emotions, specifically self conscious emotions? When does it occur?

4pts

Answer 2

• embarrassment, empathy, jealousy
• middle of 2nd year

Question 3

What are the secondary emotions, specifically self conscious evaluative emotions? When does it occur?

4pts

Answer 3

• guilt, shame, pride
• Between 2nd and 3rd years

Question 4

Social relationships: Attachment

What are 5 things that determine an attachment/how do we know we are attached to someone?

5pts

Answer 4

• Seek to be near attachment figure
• Show pleasure in company of attachment figure
• Protest when attachment figure leaves
• Express joy/relief when reunited
• Use attachment figure as “secure base” to explore

Question 5

What is an attachment? What are 3 characteristics?

4pts

Answer 5

• Close emotional relationship between infant and caregiver through childhood and adolescence
• Selective
• Mutual affection
• Desire to maintain proximity

Question 6

In the ethological approach, what are the two major observations?

2pts

Answer 6

Two major observations:
1. Human infants are helpless at birth
2. Humans produce few offspring

Question 7

In the opinion of Konrad Lorenz, what is the “cute” appearance of infant (kewpie doll)/what are the characteristics?

4pts

Answer 7

• big head
• protruding forehead
• small nose
• small chin

Question 8

What draws us to help babies and think they are cute? Why?

2pts

Answer 8

• Lorenz believed this was done for their survival, when they are cute they appear helpless and we feel the need to help them.
• These physical characteristics in a baby tend to draw us to help babies

Question 9

Establishment of attachment of mother to infant.

What concept is this?

Answer 9

Bonding

Question 10

What did Klaus and Kennel believe about bonding (3pts) ? What were the results (2pts)?

Answer 10

• sensitive period 6-12 hours after birth
  -skin-to-skin contact during few hours after birth
  -animals reject infant removed and then returned

Results after skin-to-skin contact:
-mothers more physically affectionate with babies
-effects on hospitals (babies used to be kept in separate rooms, now they are kept with the mothers)

Question 11

What behaviours were recorded/were they looking to observe in the strange situation experiment?

5pts

Answer 11

• use of mother as base to explore
• Stranger anxiety
• Separation anxiety
• willingness to be comforted by stranger
• ** quality of greeting when mother returns: some were excited some were not excited and were upset with mother and would hit them

Question 12

In a securely attached attachment style what happens when mother is in the room?

How do they react to stranger, who is the base for exploration, what do they do?

5pts

Answer 12

• explore actively
• play comfortably
• react positively to stranger
• use mothers as a base for exploration- go back to mom for cuddles/hang onto leg/interaction
• emotionally “in tune” with mothers (if mom is happy, baby is happy)

Question 13

In a securely attached attachment style what happens when mother leaves? What happens when stranger comes?

2pts

Answer 13

• reduced play, signs of distress
• will not be comforted by stranger

Question 14

In a securely attached attachment style what happens when mother returns ?

3pts

Answer 14

• active greeting
• seeks contact and interaction
• contact terminates distress, promotes return to play

Question 15

In a insecure-avoidant attachment style what happens when mother is in the room?

How do they react to stranger, who is the base for exploration, what do they do

3pts

Answer 15

• do not use mother as base to explore- don’t go back to check in with mother
• will play with toys, do not check back with mother for emotional support
• behave similarly with mother and stranger (avoid both)

Question 16

In a insecure-avoidant attachment style what happens when mother leave?

1pt

Answer 16

• appear not distressed by separation (although it is stressful)

Question 17

In a insecure-avoidant attachment style what happens when mother returns? Do they interact? Do they want to be picked up?

4pts

Answer 17

• turn away, avoid contact, ignore caregiver and not interact
• if picked up, not seem to want contact, to be cuddled, etc
• avoidance even stronger at second reunion
• Detached – appear to derive little comfort from their mothers

Question 18

In a insecure-resistant/anxious (ambivalent) attachment style what happens when mother is in the room?

How do they react to stranger, who is the base for exploration, what do they do, do they play?

4pts

Answer 18

• anxious/fussy even before separation
• distressed by unfamiliar room, wary of stranger
• don’t use mother as secure base
• cling rather than explore

Question 19

In a insecure-resistant/anxious (ambivalent) attachment style what happens when mother leaves room? How do they react to stranger?
2pts

Answer 19

• intensely distressed by separation
• not easily calmed by the stranger

Question 20

In a insecure-resistant/anxious (ambivalent) attachment style what happens when mother returns?

3pts

Answer 20

• difficulty settling down, may show passive reaction to contact
• ambivalent (mix proximity-seeking with proximity-avoiding)
• Drawn to their mothers, but don’t seem to trust them

Question 21

What does the disorganized (<4%) attachment style entail?

2pts

Answer 21

• The 4th category was added in 1986
• Unpredictable and inconsistent behaviour form are givers during a child’s formative years

Question 22

Causes of secure & insecure attachment

Freud & oral gratification

What did he say?

2pts

Answer 22

• If a child was underfed or neglected
• Look for others to fulfill their needs

Question 23

Causes of secure & insecure attachment

Harlow & contact comfort

What did he say ?

2pt

Answer 23

• Not enough to just be able to feed baby, need to provide comfort and security aswell
• Went to see cloth mother instead of wire mother for comfort over food

Question 24

Quality of Care – Ainsworth

Mothers of securely attached infants are?

3pts

Answer 24

1. Reliable
2. In tune
3. Affectionate

Question 25

What does the care look like in mothers of avoidant infants? What is the infants response? 2pts

Answer 25

- care alternating between rejection and intrusive overinvolvment - infant is drawn towards mother, but fears rejection, so reacts by withdrawing

Question 26

What does the care look like in mothers of resistant infants? What is the infants response? 2pts

Answer 26

-insensitive care – withdrawn, uninvolved, inaccessible -infant cannot rely on mother to be accessible, so constantly monitors mother

Question 27

In the insecure disorganized/disoriented attachment style, what did Mary Main discover? 4pts Hint* what is their response to separation and reunion, what causes this response?

Answer 27

- Conflicted, unpredictable, disoriented/distressed response to both separation and reunion - Fear or freezing - Result from unpredictable maternal behaviours that leave infant feeling unprotected and abandoned, maltreatment - Neglected or abused kids typically develop this attachment style

Question 28

What are characteristics of baby that can affect quality of care /caregiver's reaction? 5pts

Answer 28

- Cuddlers vs. non-cuddlers - Fussiness vs. babies that quite easily - Responsiveness - Alertness - Appearance

Question 29

Babies tendencies or response style. Born with BLANK that later become personalities. what concept am I? Give an example.

Answer 29

Temperament Ex- some babies may be more timid, some babies may be the opposite etc

Question 30

What are the prerequisites for attachment? 2pts

Answer 30

- relationship with a special person - continuing, unbroken relationship throughout infancy and into childhood

Question 31

Bowlby – Consequences of failing to form attachment in early childhood? 7pts

Answer 31

1. Inability to form close relationships - attachment teaches children about close relationships - may be afraid of close relationships 2. Fearfulness - lack a secure base for exploring the world - may be unable to desensitize self to novel or frightening stimuli - fear and withdrawal

Question 32

Harlow’s studies with Rhesus monkeys Spitz -- institutionalized infants What type of study are they examples of?

Answer 32

Deprivation studies

Question 33

What happened to the deprived Rhesus Monkeys regarding relationships (4pts) and fear (3pts) ?

Answer 33

1. Relationships - extreme withdrawal - isolation - inappropriate aggression - fending for themselves 2. Fear - played little - self sooth (rocking back and forth) - self-stimulation

Question 34

What happened to the deprived institutionalized infants regarding relationships (1pt) and fear (3pts)? Hint* need for attention, trust

Answer 34

1. Relationships - the longer they remain in the situation, the greater the problem with trust and relationships 2. Fear - excessive clinging to caregivers - insatiable need for attention - later behaviour problems, acting out

Question 35

Benefits of Secure attachment: Preschool and early elementary school (3pts)

Answer 35

- more curious, do better in school - better liked by peers - leaders, take initiative, resilient etc

Question 36

Benefits of Secure attachment: Later elementary/ high school (2pts)

Answer 36

- better socially adjusted - less likely to be loners, withdrawn

Question 37

Benefits of Secure attachment: Adulthood (2pts)

Answer 37

- attachment relations with own children - Trusting romantic attachments