Biology > Chapter 6- Cell Division > Flashcards

Chapter 6- Cell Division Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

How does yeast undergo cell division?

A

Budding

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2
Q

How does fungus undergo cell division?

A

Budding

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3
Q

How does bacteria undergo cell division?

A

Binary fission

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4
Q

Do fungi have nuclei?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What is the cell wall of fungus made of?

A

Chitin

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6
Q

What is the cell wall of bacteria made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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7
Q

What features would not be found in xylem vessels that are present in undifferentiated plant cells?

A
  • no nucleus
  • no cytoplasm
  • no end walls
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8
Q

How does the cell wall of a xylem vessel differ from undifferentiated plant cells?

A
  • thicker
  • lignified
  • contain pits
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9
Q

Membran elf X specially adapted for communication. how?

A

Has glycoproteins for (chemical released)

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10
Q

Where does growth in a trunk or stem come from and where is it situated?

A

-cambium which is situated between the xylem +phloem tissues

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11
Q

Why branches growing from a position just under bark of cut surface of tree?

A
  • this is where cambium is found

- mitosis occurs in cambium

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12
Q

Where does growth occur in plants?

A
  • cambium
  • tip of shoot
  • tip of root
  • meristem
  • bud
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13
Q

State the stage in which independent assortment occurs

A

Metaphase I

Metaphase II

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14
Q

State the stage in which formation of spindle apparatus occurs

A

Prophase I

Prophase II

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15
Q

State the stage in which separation of sister chromatids occurs

A

Anaphase II

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16
Q

State the stage in which formation of nuclear membranes occurs

A

Telophase I

Telophase II

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17
Q

State the stage in which chromosomes pulled to opposite poles occurs

A

Anaphase I

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18
Q

Why meiosis needs to have twice as many stages as mitosis?

A
  • to halve the chromosome no.

- to separate homologous pair + sister chromatids

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19
Q

What feature of the DNA molecule is changed due to a mutation?

A

Base sequence

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20
Q

Effects mutation can have on structure + function of protein?

A
  • diff primary structure
  • protein shorter due to deletion or stop codon
  • protein longer due to insertion/ duplication
  • protein unchanged due to silent mutation
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21
Q

Ways in which genetic variation produced, including role of nuclear division?

A
  • independent assortment of homologous chromosomes
  • independent assortment of sister chromatids
  • crossing over
  • mutation
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22
Q

How crossing over causes genetic variation, including role of nuclear division?

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A
  • in prophase I of meiosis I
  • forms chiasmata
  • so chromatids will have new combination of alleles
23
Q

How does independent assortment of homologous chromosomes cause genetic variation including role of nuclear division?

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A
  • in metaphase I of meiosis I

- so homologous chromosomes come from different pairs

24
Q

How does independent assortment of sister chromatids cause genetic variation including role of nuclear division?

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A
  • in metaphase II in meiosis II

- produces large no. Of allele combination

25
How do mutations cause genetic variation including the role of nuclear division?
- mutation changes the DNA base sequence - DNA checks did not recognise damage - change in amino acid sequence + primary structure
26
How cells in multicellular organisms are organised?
- cells differentiate - cells form tissues - tissues form organs - organs form organ systems - organ systems work together - e.g. digestive system
27
Type of cell division that occurs in asexual reproduction?
Mitosis
28
Why does the genetic material replicate before division of nucleus?
- cells are genetically identical | - so each daughter cell receives full copy of DNA
29
What is a homologous pair of chromosomes?
- one maternal + one paternal - carry same genes at same loci - carry both same and diff alleles - centromere in same position - pair up in meiosis to form bivalent
30
Types of epithelial tissue found in lungs?
- ciliated | - squamous
31
What is a tissue?
-a group of specialised cells that work together to complete a function
32
Function of squamous epithelium and where it’s found?
- short diffusion pathway as only one cell thick | - alveoli
33
Function on ciliated epithelium and where it’s found?
- secrete mucus + move mucus away from lungs | - trachea
34
Student observes the cells in stained meristematic tissue + counts how many can be seen in diff stages of the cell cycle. Why did it need to be stained?
- staining provides contrast between cell structures because diff structures take up diff amounts of stain - chromosomes can be seen - determined diff stages of cell cycle
35
Ways in which products of meiosis are diff from products of mitosis?
- not genetically identical - 4 daughter cells produced - they are gametes - one set of chromosomes (haploid) - contain half genetic info
36
Ways cell division in plants differs from animals?
- cell plate forms between new cells - only occurs in meristem - no centrioles
37
Processes that happen in G1 and G2?
- cell increases in size - organelles replicate - protein synthesis
38
What happens during interphase?
- generic material copied - checking genetic material for errors - protein synthesis - organelles replicate - ATP production - increase in cell size
39
Why lungs can be considered an organ?
- an organ is a group of tissues that work together to perform a function - lungs have many diff tissues inc epithelium, smooth muscle, elastic, that work together to carry out a function
40
What cellular structure is associated with movement of cilia?
Cytoskeleton
41
During stage S, genetic info is copied and checked. What would happen if not checked?
- could be a mutation - could be an error in copying - faulty DNA produced - daughter cells will not receive identical genetic information - proteins could function differently
42
What is a stem cell?
-undifferentiated cell that has the ability to specialise + become other cell types
43
Why mitosis is important to organisms?
- growth - repair - asexual reproduction
44
Adv of using umbilical cord stem cells instead of bone marrow stem cells in procedures?
- greater availability of umbilical cord stem cells so more likely to find donors - easier to harvest - cells at earlier stage of development - can be stored for future
45
Cancer treatments can pnot differentiate between tumour cells + healthy cells. Why are tumour cells more affected?
-tumour cells divide faster than healthy cells
46
What 2 enzymes are used in DNA replication + what are their roles?
- DNA helicase. Breaks the H bonds between the bases of the 2 DNA strands - DNA polymerase. Forms phospodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides to form sugar phosphate backbone
47
What is meant by semi conservative replication?
- the two original strands of DNA act as templates for the new strands to form - in the 2 molecules of DNA formed, each has a conserved original stand + a new strand
48
Describe prophase?
- chromosomes condense - nuclear envelope breaks down - centrioles move to opposite poles of cells
49
Describe metaphase?
- chromosomes line up along equator of cell | - spindle fibres from centrioles attach to centromeres
50
Describe anaphase?
- centromere divides | - spindle fibres contract pulling chromatids to opposite poles
51
Describe telophase?
- chromatids reach poles | - nuclear envelope reforms
52
At what stage in mitosis, do you change the terminology from chromosomes to chromatids?
ANAPHASE
53
Why genetical material must replicated before division?
- cells genetically identical | - each daughter cell receives full copy
54
Homologous pair of chromosomes?
-one maternal and one paternal -carry same genes -centromere in same position -pair up in meiosis and form bivalent -
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