Chapter 6: Learning

Question 1

definition:

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 1

The reoccurrence of a previously extinguished conditioned response. typically after some time has passed since extinction

Question 2

definition:

Discrimination (Pavlovian)

Answer 2

Occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original conditioned stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus

Question 3

definition:

Unconditioned response

Answer 3

(UR) a reflexive, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

definition:

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 4

(US) a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning

Question 5

definition:

Conditioned emotional response

Answer 5

Consists of emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific object or situation

Question 6

definition:

Classical conditioning

Answer 6

(Pavlovian conditioning) a form of associative learning in which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus (e.g., a sound) with a biologically relevant stimulus (e.g., food), which results in a chnge in the response to the previously neutral stimulus (e.g., salication)

Question 7

definition:

Preparedness

Answer 7

The biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli

Question 8

definition:

Conditioned taste aversion

Answer 8

acquired dislike or disgust for a food or drink because it was paired with illness

Question 9

definition:

Latent inhibition

Answer 9

occurs when frequent experience with a stimulus before it is paired with a US makes it less likely that conditioning will occur after a single episode of illness

Question 10

definition:

Generalization (Pavlovian)

Answer 10

Takes place when an operant response occurs in response to a new stimulus that is similar to the stimulus present during orginal learning

Question 11

definition:

Acquisition

Answer 11

the initial phase of learning in which a response is established

Question 12

definition:

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 12

(CS) a once-neutral stimulus that later elicts a conditioned response because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 13

definition:

Conditioned response

Answer 13

(CR) the learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus

Question 14

definition:

Learning

Answer 14

A process by which behaviour or knowledge changes as a result of experience

Question 15

definition:

Stimulus

Answer 15

is an external event or cue that elicts a perceptual response; this occurs regardless of whether the event is important or not

Question 16

What is this a defining characteristic of?

[…] A neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response. It does so because the neutral stimulus is paired with, and therefore predicts, an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 16

Classical conditioning

Question 17

answer:

When a weak connections between neurons is stimulated at the same time as a strong conection; what happens to the weak connection?

Answer 17

The weak connection becomes strengthened

Question 18

Identify the US,UR,CS,CR,NS in this situation:

You receive needles in the doctors office. In this situation the needle causes pain. The doctor’s office itself did not harm you in any way. But, over time, you may start to feel anxious wheever you enter the doctors office because it has been paired with pain.

Answer 18

needle (US); pain (UR); the doctors office is the (NS); the sights and sounds of the office (or the context) could become the (CS) because it would trigger fear (CR)

Question 19

Identify the US,UR,CS,CR,NS in this situation:

An 11-month old baby named “Little Albert” was first introduced to a white rat, but as time went on they would startle him with a loud noise, he later associated the noise with the white rat and which caused him fear

Answer 19

US loud noise;
UR feeling of fear from loud noise;
CS white rat;
CR fear of white rat

Question 20

definition:

Contextual fear conditioning

Answer 20

An organism learns to fear a particular location (from context related reasons), then context related activity in the hippocampus will interact with fear-related activity in the amygdala.

Question 21

answer:

Why are diagnosis of psychopathy different from those who aren’t diagnoised

in regards to the shock test ~> face reconizing

Answer 21

They did an experiment where they would receive a shock from looking at certain faces, but these individuals brain actvity showed they didn’t mind the pain and instead their brain actvity became more quiet, while the typical response would be getting a neg emotional response to those face who are “causing” the pain

Question 22

definition:

Conditioned drug tolerance

Answer 22

This response means that, over time, more of the drug will be needed to override these preparatory responses so that the desired effect can be obtained

Question 23

answer:

What kind of conditioning does the political advertising often use

Answer 23

evaluative conditioning

Question 24

answer:

Whats a common way evaluative conditioning is used?

Answer 24

For example, rather than influence actual voter preferences for a particular candidate, they may simply motivate people to go to the polls to support their already preferred candidate

Question 25

# In classical conditioning, what distinguishes the UR from the CR? A. The CR occurs without learning, while the UR is learned B. The UR and CR are always identical C. The UR is elicited by the US, while the CR is elicited by the CS D. The CR is elicited by the US, while the UR is elicited by the CS

Answer 25

C. The UR is elicited by the US, while the CR is elicited by the CS

Question 26

# During the acquisition phase of classical conditioning: A. The CS is presented without the US B. The NS and US are repeatedly paired C. The CR becomes weaker D. The US is removed

Answer 26

B. The NS and US are repeatedly paired

Question 27

# Extinction occurs when: A. The CR returns after a delay B. The CS is repeatedly paired with the UR C. The CS is presented without the US D. The US stops eliciting the UR

Answer 27

C. The CS is presented without the US

Question 28

# Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization? A. A dog salivates only when hearing the exact pitch of a bell B. A dog salivates to a buzzer after being conditioned with a bell C. A dog stops salivating to the bell D. A dog salivates before the bell is rung

Answer 28

B. A dog salivates to a buzzer after being conditioned with a bell

Question 29

# Preparedness refers to: A. The ability to learn any association equally B. The biological predisposition to rapidly learn certain associations C. The slowdown of conditioning due to overexposure D. The inability to unlearn an association

Answer 29

B. The biological predisposition to rapidly learn certain associations

Question 30

# Conditioned taste aversion is unique because: A. It requires many pairings to form B. It typically does not involve biological preparedness C. It can occur after a single pairing D. It only occurs with sounds

Answer 30

C. It can occur after a single pairing

Question 31

# Latent inhibition refers to: A. Faster conditioning due to prior exposure B. Slower conditioning due to prior exposure C. Lack of conditioning due to reinforcement D. Stronger conditioning after illness

Answer 31

B. Slower conditioning due to prior exposure

Question 32

# In contextual fear conditioning, which two brain regions interact? A. Amygdala and prefrontal cortex B. Hippocampus and amygdala C. Cerebellum and hippocampus D. Basal ganglia and thalamus

Answer 32

B. Hippocampus and amygdala

Question 33

# Conditioned drug tolerance occurs because: A. Drugs directly strengthen neural pathways B. CS triggers metabolic compensatory responses before drug is taken C. US becomes stronger than CS D. CR equals UR in intensity

Answer 33

B. CS triggers metabolic compensatory responses before drug is taken

Question 34

# Which of the following is a conditioned stimulus (CS) for smokers? A. Nicotine in the bloodstream B. The cigarette lighter C. Increased dopamine release D. Withdrawal symptoms

Answer 34

B. The cigarette lighter

Question 35

# Operant conditioning differs classical conditioning because it involves: A. Involuntary physiological reflexes B. Pairings of stimuli C. Behaviour influenced by consequences D. Rewired synapses only

Answer 35

C. Behaviour influenced by consequences

Question 36

# Positive reinforcement involves: A. Adding an unpleasant stimulus B. Removing an unpleasant stimulus C. Adding a desirable stimulus D. Removing a desirable stimulus

Answer 36

C. Adding a desirable stimulus

Question 37

# Negative reinforcement involves: A. Strengthening behaviour by removing an aversive stimulus B. Weakening behaviour by adding an unpleasant stimulus C. Strengthening behaviour by adding a pleasant stimulus D. Weakening behaviour by removing a pleasant stimulus

Answer 37

A. Strengthening behaviour by removing an aversive stimulus

Question 38

# Avoidance learning differs from escape learning because: A. Escape occurs before the stimulus is present B. Avoidance removes the possibility of the stimulus occurring C. Escape prevents the US D. Avoidance removes an already-present stimulus

Answer 38

B. Avoidance removes the possibility of the stimulus occurring

Question 39

# Positive punishment is: A. Removing a desired stimulus to decrease behaviour B. Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease behaviour C. Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase behaviour D. Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behaviour

Answer 39

B. Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease behaviour

Question 40

# A child loses toy privileges for hitting her sibling. an ex of: A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Positive punishment D. Negative punishment

Answer 40

D. Negative punishment

Question 41

# Shaping involves: A. Eliminating undesired behaviours B. Providing reinforcement only after the final behaviour C. Reinforcing successive approximations D. Linking behaviours into a sequence

Answer 41

C. Reinforcing successive approximations

Question 42

# Which reinforcer would be considered secondary? A. Food B. Water C. Warmth D. Money

Answer 42

D. Money

Question 43

# Primary reinforcers satisfy: A. Cultural norms B. Learned expectations C. Biological survival needs D. Attentional demands

Answer 43

C. Biological survival needs

Question 44

# A discriminative stimulus signals that: A. A US is about to occur B. A behaviour will or will not be reinforced C. A CR is likely to happen D. The organism will generalize

Answer 44

B. A behaviour will or will not be reinforced

Question 45

# Generalization in operant conditioning means that: A. Reinforcement schedules are identical B. The organism responds to similar discriminative stimuli C. Extinction is guaranteed D. Punishment increases behaviour

Answer 45

B. The organism responds to similar discriminative stimuli

Question 46

# Variable-ratio schedules produce: A. The slowest response rates B. The strongest resistance to extinction C. The lowest dopamine activity D. The fastest extinctio

Answer 46

B. The strongest resistance to extinction

Question 47

# Fixed-interval schedules produce: A. Steady, rapid responding B. A scalloped pattern of responding C. No responding until reinforcement occurs D. The highest burst rates

Answer 47

B. A scalloped pattern of responding

Question 48

# Partial reinforcement effect means: A. Continuous reinforcement leads to faster learning B. Partial reinforcement leads to slower extinction C. Continuous reinforcement increases resistance to extinction D. Partial reinforcement weakens behaviour

Answer 48

B. Partial reinforcement leads to slower extinction

Question 49

# Latent learning involves A. Learning that is expressed immediately B. Learning that requires punishment C. Learning shown only when reinforcement is introduced D. Learning without memory involvement

Answer 49

C. Learning shown only when reinforcement is introduced

Question 50

# According to S-O-R theory: A. Only external stimuli matter B. Cognitive interpretation of stimulus influences responses C. Neurons firing simultaneously is enough to learn D. Reinforcement schedules are irrelevant

Answer 50

B. Cognitive interpretation of stimulus influences responses

Question 51

# Loss aversion suggests: A. People value gains more than losses B. People fear losses more than gains C. Gains and losses are equivalent D. Behaviour cannot be conditioned through punishment

Answer 51

B. People fear losses more than gains

Question 52

# Observational learning requires: A. Only reproduction B. Attention, memory, reproduction, and motivation C. Only attention D. Reinforcement scheduling

Answer 52

B. Attention, memory, reproduction, and motivation

Question 53

# Imitation is defined as: A. Reflexive responding B. Recreating another’s behaviour to achieve a goal C. Spontaneous motor activation D. Responding based on reinforcement schedules

Answer 53

B. Recreating another’s behaviour to achieve a goal

Question 54

# In observational learning, motivation influences: A. Whether a behaviour is physically possible B. Whether reinforcement schedules are fair C. Whether the learner chooses to perform the observed behaviour D. Whether memory consolidation occurs

Answer 54

C. Whether the learner chooses to perform the observed behaviour

Question 55

# definition: avoidance learning

Answer 55

a specific type of negative reinforcement that removes the possibility that a stimulus will occur

Question 56

# definition: Chaining

Answer 56

Linking together two or more shaped behaviours into a more complex action or sequence of actions

Question 57

# definition: Continuous reinforcement

Answer 57

every response made results in reinforcement

Question 58

# definition: discrimination (operant)

Answer 58

Occurs when an organism learns to respond to oane original discriminative stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus

Question 59

# definition: discriminative stimulus

Answer 59

a cue or event that indicates that a response, if made, will be reinforced

Question 60

# definition: escape learning

Answer 60

occurs if a response removes a stimulus that is already present

Question 61

# definition: extinction (Operant)

Answer 61

the weakening of an operant response when reinforcement is no longer available

Question 62

# definition: fixed-interval schedule

Answer 62

reinforces the first response occuring after a set amount of time passes

Question 63

# definition: fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 63

reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been completed

Question 64

# definition: generalization (Operant)

Answer 64

takes place when an operant response occurs in response to a new stimulus that is similar to the stimulus present during original learning

Question 65

# definition: law of effect

Answer 65

the idea that responses following by satisfaction will occur again in the same situation whereas those that are not followed by satifcation becomes less likely

Question 66

# definition: negative punishment

Answer 66

occurs when a behaviour decreases because it removes or diminishes a particular stimulus

Question 67

# definition: Negative reinforcement

Answer 67

involves the strengthening of a behaviour because it removes or diminishes a stimulus

Question 68

# definition: Operant conditioning

Answer 68

A type of learning in which behaviour is influeneced by consequences

Question 69

# definition: Partial reinforcement

Answer 69

only a certain number of responses are rewarded, or a certain amount of time must pass before reinforcement is available

Question 70

# definition: Partial reinforcement effect

Answer 70

refers to a phenomenon in which organisms that have been conditioned under partial reinforcement resist extinction longer than those conditioned under continuous reinforcement

Question 71

# definition: positive punishment

Answer 71

A process in which a behaviour decreases in frequency because it was followed by a particular, usually unpleasant stimulus

Question 72

# definition: Positive reinforcement

Answer 72

The strengthening of behaviour after potentail reinforcers such as praise, money, or nourishment follow that behaviour

Question 73

# definition: Primary reinforcer

Answer 73

reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs--needs that affect an individual's ability to survive (and, if possible, reporduce)

Question 74

# definition: Punisher

Answer 74

A stimulus that is contingent upon a response, and that results in a decrease in behaviour

Question 75

# definition: Punishment

Answer 75

a process that decreases the future probabilty of a response

Question 76

# definition: reinforcement

Answer 76

a process in which an event or reward that follows a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again

Question 77

# definition: reinforcer

Answer 77

a stimulus that is contingent upon a response and that increases the probability of that response occuring again

Question 78

# definition: Schedules of reinforcement

Answer 78

rules that determine when reinforcement is available

Question 79

# definition: Secondary reinforcer

Answer 79

Stimuli that acquire their reinforcing effect only after we learn that they have value

Question 80

# definition: shaping

Answer 80

reinforcing successive approximations of a specific operant response

Question 81

# definition: Variable-interval schedule

Answer 81

The first response is reinforced following a variable amount of time

Question 82

# definition: Variable-ratio schedule

Answer 82

the number of responses required to receive reinforcement varies according to an average

Question 83

# definition: Applied behaviour analysis

Answer 83

An approach to learning that involves using close observation, prompting, and reinforcement to teach behaviours

Question 84

# find the term for this scenario Lian is caught cheating on multiple examinations. As a consequence, the school principal suspends Lian for a three-day period. Lian likes being at school and, upon returning from the suspension, no longer cheats on exams. Which process explains the change in Lian’s behaviour? | Positive punishment/reinforcement Negative reinforcement/punishment

Answer 84

Positive punishment

Question 85

# find the term for this scenario Hernan bites his fingernails and cuticles to the point of bleeding and discomfort. To reduce this behaviour, Hernan applies a terrible-tasting topical lotion to his fingertips and the behaviour stops. Which process explains Hernan’s behavioural change? | Positive punishment/reinforcement Negative reinforcement/punishment

Answer 85

Positive punishment

Question 86

# find the term for this scenario Ericka earns As in all of her math classes. Throughout her schooling, Ericka finds that the personal and social rewards for excelling at math continue to motivate her. Ericka eventually completes a graduate degree and teaches math. Which process explains Ericka’s passion for math? | Positive punishment/reinforcement Negative reinforcement/punishment

Answer 86

Positive reinforcement

Question 87

# find the term for this scenario Automobile makers install equipment that produces various sounds when a door is not shut properly, lights are left on, or a seat belt is not fastened. The purpose is to increase proper door shutting, turning off of lights, and seat-belt fastening behaviour. Which process explains the behavioural changes these sounds are attempting to make? | Positive punishment/reinforcement Negative reinforcement/punishment

Answer 87

Negative reinforcement

Question 88

# definition: Latent learning

Answer 88

learning that is not immediately expressed by a response until the organism is reinforced for doing so

Question 89

# definition: Observational learning

Answer 89

involves changes in behaviour and knowledge that result from watching others

Question 90

# definition: Imitation

Answer 90

recreating someone else's motor behaviour or expression, often to accomplish a specific goal