PSYC 1010 - Chp 6-8 > Chapter 7: Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Which statement best describes the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

a. Memory consists of one store with unlimited capacity
b. Memory consists of three stores connected by control processes
c. Memory operates only through long-term storage
d. Memory is only influenced by sensory input

A

b. Memory consists of three stores connected by control processes

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2
Q

Sensory memory holds information for

a. several minutes
b. 1 hour
c. A brief period determined by the sensory system
d. Until attention is applied

A

c. A brief period determined by the sensory system

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3
Q

Iconis memory typically lasts for about:

a. 0.5-1 second
b. 10-15 seconds
c. 30 seconds
d. 3-5 minutes

A

a. 0.5-1 second

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4
Q

Echoic memory typically lasts for:

a. Less than 1 second
b. 5-10 seconds
c. 1 minutes
d. 3-5 minutes

A

b. 5-10 seconds

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5
Q

According to Sperling, iconic memory can:

a. Store only 3-4 letters
b. Store all 12 letters temporaliy
c. Store letters permanetly
d. Store auditory information only

A

b. Store all 12 letters temporaliy

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6
Q

“Spotlight of attention” refers to:

a. Information encoded into LTM
b. Information selected for STM for long-term storage
c. Information selected from sensory memory into STM
d. Retrieval cues

A

c. Information selected from sensory memory into STM

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7
Q

Short-term memory typically lasts:

a. 5 seconds
b. 10 seconds
c. 30 seconds
d. 2 minutes

A

c. 30 seconds

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8
Q

STM capacity is approximately

a. 3 units
b. 5-9 units
c. 15-20 units
d. unlimited

A

b. 5-9 units

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9
Q

Chucking helpsSTM because it:

a. Eliminates the nned for attention
b. Organizes small units into larger meaningful units
c. Increases sensory memory capacity
d. Eliminates interference

A

b. Organizes small units into larger meaningful units

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10
Q

Expertise improves chunking ability because:

a. STM is expanded biologically
b. Experts store more sensory memory
c. Experts create larger meaningful chucks from experience
d. Experts rehearse faster

A

c. Experts create larger meaningful chucks from experience

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11
Q

long-term memory capacity is:

a. 3-7 items
b. unlimited
c. 20-30 items
d. 100-200 items

A

b. unlimited

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12
Q

Semantic networks in LTM suggest that:

a. Related concepts are stored near each other
b. Memory is stored randomly
c. All memories are stored in the hippocampus
d. Related memories interfere with one another

A

a. Related concepts are stored near each other

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13
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue states occur because:

a. Encoding never took place
b. Semantic memory is lost
c. Phonological or perceptual aspects are accessible
d. STM is overloaded

A

c. Phonological or perceptual aspects are accessible

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14
Q

The Primacy effect occurs because early list items:

a. Are still in STM
b. Are encoded into LTM more effectively
c. Cause retoactive interference
d. Are forgotten first

A

b. Are encoded into LTM more effectively

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15
Q

The recency effect occurs because later list items:

a. Have been consolidated
b. Remain in STM
c. Are semantically related
d. Trigger deeper processing

A

b. Remain in STM

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16
Q

Proactive interference refers to:

a. New info interfering with old info
b. Old info interfering with new info
Forgetting due to lack of rehearsal
d. Decay of sensory memory

A

b. Old info interfering with new info

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17
Q

Retroactive interference refers to:

a. Old info interfering with new info
b. New info inerfering with old info
c. Sensory memory overwriting STM
d. STM overwriting LTM

A

b. New info inerfering with old info

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18
Q

Damage to the hippocampus leads to

a. Loss of STM
b. Inability to form new LTM
c. Loss of procedural memory
d. Loss of sensory memory

A

b. Inability to form new LTM

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19
Q

The phonological loop stores information as:

a. Visual images
b. Spatial locations
c. Auditory codes
d. Semantic categories

A

c. Auditory codes

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20
Q

Word-length effect shows that:

a. Long words are remebered better
b. Short words are remembered better
c. Word meaning doesn’t matter
d. STM has unlimited storage

A

b. Short words are remembered better

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21
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad stores:

a. Sounds
b. Visual and spatial information
c. muscle movement
d. Emotional memories

A

b. Visual and spatial information

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22
Q

Feature binding refers to:

a. Linking visual features into a single object
b. Linking suditory memories to STM
c. Forming episodic memories
d. Linking semantic categories

A

a. Linking visual features into a single object

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23
Q

Episodic memory refers to:

a. Facts and world knowledge
b. Motor skills
c. Personal experiences
d. Classical conditioning

A

c. Personal experiences

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24
Q

Procedural memory is an example of

a. Declarative memory
b. Episodic memeory
c. Implicit memory
d. Semantic memory

A

c. Implicit memory

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25
# Long-term potentiation (LTP) refers to: a. Fading of memory traces b. Strengthening of synaptic connections c. STM rehearsal strategies d. Forgetting due to decay
b. Strengthening of synaptic connections
26
# Anterograde amnesia means a. Forgetting past events b. Inability to form new memories c. Loss of procedural memories d. Loss of sensory memories
b. Inability to form new memories
27
# Deep processing improves memory because a. It emphasizes sound and spelling b. it emphasizes meaning c. It requires less attention d. It reduces interference
b. it emphasizes meaning
28
# The self-reference effect A. STM duration increases B. LTM storage becomes unlimited C. Material becomes personally meaningful D. Retrieval cues are eliminated
C. Material becomes personally meaningful
29
# Context-dependent memory suggests retrieval improves when: A. Mood differs B. Physical context matches encoding C. Encoding is shallow D. STM is overloaded
B. Physical context matches encoding
30
# State-dependent memory involves: A. Matching internal states at encoding and retrieval B. Keeping sensory memory active C. Recalling facts only D. Preventing interference
A. Matching internal states at encoding and retrieval
31
# Weapon focus occurs because: A. Attention narrows to central details B. Emotional memories are always accurate C. People ignore weapons D. LTM is overloaded
A. Attention narrows to central details
32
# Flashbulb memories are: A. Always accurate B. Vivid and detailed, but not immune to distortion C. Procedural memories D. Caused by forgetting curves
B. Vivid and detailed, but not immune to distortion
33
# Forgetting curve shows most forgetting occurs: A. Immediately and then stabilizes B. Slowly and then accelerates C. Only after one day D. Only for LTM
A. Immediately and then stabilizes
34
# Dual coding improves memory because info is stored: A. Only visually B. Only verbally C. In multiple forms D. Only semantically
C. In multiple forms
35
# Schemas influence memory by: A. Storing memories perfectly B. Guiding attention, encoding, and retrieval C. Preventing false memories D. Eliminating interference
B. Guiding attention, encoding, and retrieval
36
# A patient has intact STM but cannot form new episodic memories Damage to A. Parietal cortex B. Hippocampus C. Cerebellum D. Occipital lobe
B. Hippocampus
37
# You study in a noisy café and test in a noisy class. Performance improve A. State-dependent memory B. Mood-dependent memory C. Context-dependent memory D. Shallow encoding
C. Context-dependent memory
38
# A witness remembers the gun but not the face. This is: A. Retroactive interference B. Weapon focus C. Feature binding D. Shallow processing
B. Weapon focus
39
# A student recalls first and last lecture items but not middle: A. LTP B. Levels of processing C. Serial position effect D. Reconstruction
C. Serial position effect
40
# A chess master remembers board patterns easily: A. Larger STM capacity B. Better chunking via expertise C. More sensory memory D. Faster neuronal firing
B. Better chunking via expertise
41
# Hippocampal activation during early-list recall supports: A. Primacy effect B. Recency effect C. Retroactive interference D. Sensory decay
A. Primacy effect
42
# Frontal lobe damage impairs: A. Phonological loop B. Episodic buffer C. Visuospatial sketchpad D. Central executive
D. Central executive
43
# False recall of broken glass after a crash video: A. Encoding specificity B. Misinformation effect C. LTP failure D. Suppression
B. Misinformation effect
44
# Confidence in imagined events: A. Recovered memory B. Imagination inflation C. Flashbulb memory D. Procedural memory
A. Recovered memory
45
# Poor recall for long multisyllabic words: A. Chunking B. Feature binding C. Word-length effect D. Deep processing
C. Word-length effect
46
# Bike riding intact, fact recall impaired: A. Episodic only B. Semantic failure C. Procedural intact, declarative impaired D. Implicit memory failure
C. Procedural intact, declarative impaired
47
# Testing yourself improves retention: A. Decay theory B. Testing effect C. Weapon focus D. State-dependent learning
B. Testing effect
48
# Poor autobiographical recall age 2.5: A. Explicit failure B. Infantile amnesia C. Weapon focus D. Encoding specificity
B. Infantile amnesia
49
# Filling in missing story details: A. Sensory reconstruction B. Constructive memory C. Chunking D. Dual coding
B. Constructive memory
50
# Depressed person recalls negative events: A. State-dependent memory B. Negative self-schema C. Poor encoding D. Repression
B. Negative self-schema
51
# definition: Amnesia
A profound loss of at least one form of memory
52
# definition: Anterograde amnesia
The inability to form new memories for events occurring after a brain injury
53
# definition: attention
selects which information will be passed on to STM
54
# definition: Central executive
The control centre of working memory; it coordinates attention and exchange of information among the three storage components
55
# definition: Chunking
Organizing smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units
56
# definition: Consolidation
The process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain
57
# definition: control processes
Shift information from one memory store to another
58
# definition: Cross-cortical storage
A phenomenon in which long-term declarative memories are distributive memories are distributed throughout the cortex of the brain, rather than being localized in one region
59
# definition: Declarative memories
memories that we are consciously aware of and that can be verbalized, including facts about the world and one's one personal experiences
60
# definition: Echnoic memory
The auditory form of sensory memory
61
# definition: encoding
The process of storing information in the LTM system
62
# definition: Episodic buffer
A storage component of working memory that combines the image and sounds from the other two components into coherent, story-like episodes
63
# definition: Episodic memories
declarative memories for personal experiences that seem to be organized around "episodes" and are recalled form a first-person ("I" or "my") perspective
64
# definition: Feature binding
The process of combining visual feature into a single unit
65
# definition: iconic memory
The visual form of sensory memory
66
# definition: long-term memory (LTM)
holds information for extended periods of time, if not permanently
67
# definition: long-term potentiation (LTP)
demonstrates that there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signal between nerve cells that fire together
68
# definition: Memory
A collection of several systems that store information in different forms for differing amounts of time
69
# definition: nondeclarative memories
includes actions or behaviours that you can remember and perform without awareness
70
# definition: phonological loop
a storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and that stores information as sounds, or an auditory code
71
# definition: proactive interfernce
A process in which the first information learned (e.g., in a list of words) occupies memory, leaving fewer resources to remember the newer information
72
# definition: procedural memory
learned patterns of muscles movements (motor memory)
73
# definition: reconsolidation
in which the hippocampus functions to update, strengthen, or modify existing long-term memories
74
# definition: rehearsal
repeating information until you do not need to remember it anymore
75
# definition: retrieval
brings information from LTM back into STM
76
# definition: retroactive interference
the most recently learned information overshawdows some older memories that have not yet made into long-term memory
77
# definition: retrograde amnesia
a condition in which memory for the events preceding trauma or injury is lost
78
# definition: semantic memories
declarative memories that include facts about the world
79
# definition: sensory memory
a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time
80
# definition: serial position effect
in general, most people will recall the first few items from a list and the last few items, but only an item or two from the middle
81
# definition: Short-term memory (STM)
a memory store with limited capacity and duration (approximately 30 seconds)
82
# definition: Short-term memory (STM)
a memory store with limited capacity and duration (aprx. 30 seconds)
83
# definition: storage
The time and manner in which information is retained between encoding and retrieval
84
# definition: stores
retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose
85
# definition: tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
when you are able to retrieve similar sounding words or words that start with the same letter but can't quite retrieve the word you actually want
86
# definition: Visuospatial sketchpad
a storage compnent of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visuospatial code
87
# definition: word-length effect
people remember more one-syllable words than four-or-five-syllable words in a short-term-memory task
88
# definition: working memory
a model of short-term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of information for a short period of time
89
# what term does this scenario follow? A car accident has left Harinder with damage to his left temporal lobe. As a result, Harinder now has difficulty recalling facts about objects, such as “sand is found on a beach.” | procedural memory, episodic memory, working memory, and semantic memory
Semantic memory reason: Difficulty recalling facts and general knowledge about objects reflects impairment in semantic memory.
90
# what term does this scenario follow? James had a stroke that damaged the temporal lobes, including the hippocampus, on both sides of his brain. | procedural memory, episodic memory, working memory, and semantic memory
Episodic memory reason: Damage to the hippocampus and temporal lobes affects the ability to form and recall personal experiences and events.
91
# what term does this scenario follow? Minka suffered damage to her basal ganglia and the motor (movement) regions of the frontal lobes. As a result, Minka cannot remember how to tie her shoes or hold a pencil, although she understands the functions served by both objects. | procedural memory, episodic memory, working memory, and semantic memory
Procedural memory reason: Inability to perform learned motor skills (like tying shoes or holding a pencil) indicates damage to procedural memory.
92
# definition: Acronyms
pronouceable words whose letter represent the initials of an important phrase or set of items
93
# definition: Context-dependent memory
The idea that retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the same physical setting (context) as encoding
94
# definition: Deep processing
encoding information about an item's meaning or its function
95
# definition: Desirable difficulties
techniques that make studying slower and more effortful but result in better overall remembering
96
# definition: Dual coding
occurs when information is stored in more than one form
97
# definition: Elaborative rehearsal
Prolonging exposure to information by thinking about its meaning
98
# definition: Encoding specificaty principle
retrieval is most effective when the conditions at the time of encoding and retrieval are the same
99
# definition: First-letter technique
Uses the first letters of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence
100
# definition: Flashbulb memory
An extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event
101
# definition: Forgetting curve
Shows that most forgetting occurs right away, and that the rate of forgetting eventually slows to the point where one does not seem to forget at all
102
# definition: Maintenance rehearsal
Prolonging exposure to information by repeating it
103
# definition: Method of loci
a mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to location along a familiar path
104
# definition: Mnemonic
a technique intended to improve memory for specific information
105
# definition: Mood-dependent memory
People remember better if their mood at retrieval matches their mood during encoding
106
# definition: Recall
retrieving information when asked but without that information being present during the retrieval process
107
# definition: Recognition
Identifying a stimulus or piece of information when it is presented to you
108
# definition: Self-reference effect
Occurs when you think about information in terms of how it relates to you or how it is useful to you; this type of encoding will lead to you remembering that information better then you otherwise would have
109
# definition: State-dependent memory
Memory retrieval is more effective when your internal state matches the state you were in during encoding
110
# definition: Shallow processing
Encoding more superficial properties of a stimulus, such as the sound or spelling of a word
111
# definition: Testing effect
The finding that taking practices test can improve exam performance, even without additional studying
112
# definition: Weapon focus
The tendency to focus on a weapon at the expense of peripheral information, including the identity of the person holding the weapon
113
# definition: Cognitive offloading
The use of an action or deivce to reduce cognitive demands imposed by a given task
114
# definition: Constructive memory
A process by which we first recall a generalized schema and then add in specific details
115
# definition: DRM procedure
Participants study a list of highly related words called semantic associates
116
# definition: False memory
remembering events that did not occur, or incorrectly recalling details of an event
117
# definition: Guided imagery
A technique used by some clinicains (and some police investigators) to help people recover details of events that they are unable to remember
118
# definition: Imagination inflation
the increased confidence in a false memory of an event following repeated imagination of the event
119
# definition: Infantile amnesia
A phenomenon in which we do not have any personal autobiographical memories from before the third birthday
120
# definition: Misinformation effect
When information occurring after an event becomes part of the memory for that event
121
# definition: Recovered memory
A memory of a traumatic event that is suddenly recovered after blocking the memory of that event for a long period of time
122
# definition: Recovered memory controversy
A heated debate among psychologist about the validity of recovered memories
123
# definition: Schemas
Organized clusters of memories that consitute a person's knowledge about events, objects, and ideas
124
# definition: Source memory
The memory for how or where information was initially acquired
PSYC 1010 - Chp 6-8
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