Chapter 6 - Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

• an active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, and organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

• Set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems.

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

• Holding on to information for some period of time.

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

• Getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used.

Question 5

Sensory memory

Answer 5

• The very first stage of memory, where raw information from the senses is held for a very brief period of time.

Question 6

Iconic memory

Answer 6

• Visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second.

Question 7

Eidetic imagery

Answer 7

• The ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more.

Question 8

Echoic memory

Answer 8

• Auditory sensory memory, lasting only 2-4 seconds.

Question 9

Short-term memory (STM)

Answer 9

• The memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used.

Question 10

Selective attention

Answer 10

• The ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input.

Question 11

Working memory

Answer 11

• An active system that processes the information in short-term memory.

Question 12

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 12

• Practice if saying some information to be remembered over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it is short-term memory.

Question 13

Long-term memory (LTM)

Answer 13

• The system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.

Question 14

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 14

• A method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way.

Question 15

Nondeclarative (implicit) memory

Answer 15

• Type of LTM including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses. These memories are not conscious but are implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior.

Question 16

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 16

• Loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new LTM.

Question 17

Declarative (explicit) memory

Answer 17

• Type of LTM containing information that is conscious and known.

Question 18

Semantic memory

Answer 18

• Type of Declarative memory containing general knowledge, such as language and information learned in formal education.

Question 19

Episodic memory

Answer 19

• Type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others, such as daily activities and events.

Question 20

Semantic Network model.

Answer 20

• model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related.

Question 21

Encoding specificity

Answer 21

• Tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information (such as surroundings or physiological state) that is available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved.

Question 22

Recall

Answer 22

• Type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” from memory with very few external cues.

Question 23

Recognition

Answer 23

• The ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact.

Question 24

Serial position effect

Answer 24

• Tendency of information at the beginning and end of body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information.

Question 25

Primacy effect

Answer 25

- Tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows.

Question 26

Recency effect

Answer 26

- Tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information that precedes it.

Question 27

Curve of forgetting

Answer 27

- A graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually.

Question 28

Distributed practice

Answer 28

- Spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods.

Question 29

Sleep, exercise, and diet affect memory

Answer 29

1. memories rehearsed during sleep and waking hours are more likely to be remembered better 2. sleep helps prevent forgetting 3. Sleep deprivation interferes with forming new memories. 4. Sleep help remember things significantly better.