Chapter 6 - Sleep

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

ones level of awareness of internal and external stimuli

Question 2

Internal Stimuli

Answer 2

thoughts, feelings, emotions, mood

Question 3

External Stimuli

Answer 3

sounds, sights, tastes

Question 4

Normal Waking Consciousness

Answer 4

the states of consciousness associated with being awake and aware of internal thoughts and feelings, as well as external stimuli such as events and objects in the surrounding environment

Question 5

Altered State of Consciousness

Answer 5

states of consciousness that are distinctly different from normal waking consciousness in terms of level of awareness and experience

Question 6

Characteristics of NWC

Answer 6

• high awareness
• good memory and cognition
• accurate perception of time
• ability to regulate emotions
• high levels of self control
• accurate perception of sensory stimuli

Question 7

Characteristics of ASC

Answer 7

• lower awareness
• reduced memory and cognition
• distortions in perception of time
• unable to regulate emotions
• lack of self control
• perceptual distortions

Question 8

Sleep

Answer 8

a naturally occurring altered state of consciousness that results in lowered levels of awareness of the external environment and is accompanied by a number of physiological changes to the body. sleep is personal, internal and subjective

Question 9

Psychological construct

Answer 9

psychological activity that is believed to occur to exist but cannot be directly observed or measured

Question 10

NREM Sleep

Answer 10

non-rapid eye movement sleep. a type
of sleep characterised
by a lack of rapid eye
movement and is
subdivided into three
different stages. 80% of the night.

Question 11

REM sleep

Answer 11

Rapid eye movement.  a type of sleep characterised by rapid eye movement, high levels of brain activity,
and low levels of physical
activity. 20% of the night

Question 12

Sleep episode

Answer 12

the full duration of time
spent asleep

Question 13

Sleep Cycle

Answer 13

an approximately
90-minute-period that
repeats during a sleep
episode in which an
individual progresses
through stages of REM
and NREM sleep

Question 14

NREM stage 1

Answer 14

In stage 1 of NREM sleep, the person transitions from wakefulness to light sleep. They may experience a hypnagogic state with sensations like floating or a hypnic jerk. Awareness of self fades, but faint sounds can still be heard, and they are easily woken.

Question 15

NREM stage 2

Answer 15

the sleeper is still in a relatively light sleep. Individuals spend the majority of their time asleep in NREM stage 2. In this stage, the sleeper is considered ‘truly’ asleep, due to the types of brain
waves occurring

Question 16

NREM stage 3

Answer 16

• Deepest sleep (‘slow wave’ sleep)
• Less responsive to external stimuli
• Occurs in the first half of the night, and decreases as the night progresses
• Difficult to wake and may feel groggy and disoriented if woken in this stage (sleep inertia)
• Sleepwalking can occur

Question 17

EEG

Answer 17

A device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the brain measured in the form of brainwaves

Question 18

Frequency

Answer 18

Number of brainwaves per second. High frequency indicates quicker brain activity. Low frequency indicates slower brain activity

Question 19

Amplitude

Answer 19

The size of peaks and troughs in brain activity

Question 20

High electrical activity

Answer 20

High frequency, low amplitude

Question 21

Low electrical activity

Answer 21

Low frequency, high amplitude

Question 22

EMG

Answer 22

A device that detects amplifies and records the electrical activity of muscles in the body

Question 23

EOG

Answer 23

A device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of muscles responsible for eye movement

Question 24

Video monitoring

Answer 24

Used to collect visual and audio info, hence providing behavioural data about a persons sleep gathers objective, quantitative and qualitative data

Question 25

Sleep diary

Answer 25

A self report where an individual documents their own sleep-waking activities, usually over a period of several weeks. Gathers subjective, quantitative and qualitative data.

Question 26

Biological rhythms

Answer 26

Naturally occurring patterns of cyclic changes in a bodily function or state that repeats itself overtime

Question 27

Circadian rhythm

Answer 27

Involves changes in bodily functions that follow a cycle lasting approximately 24 hours. E.g. Body temp, secretion of hormones, sleep-wake cycle

Question 28

Zeitgebers

Answer 28

Environmental cues that helps regulate and reset the body's internal biological clock (circadian rhyth) keeping it aligned with the external environment ensuring a 24 hour day). E.g. Light, meal times, noise

Question 29

Melatonin

Answer 29

Hormones that increase drowsiness. Produced by pineal gland (in brain). Promotes sleepines. s light inhibits melatonin production. Darkness triggers its release

Question 30

Cortisol

Answer 30

Hormone that increases alertness. Produced by adrenal glands (in body). Also helps with stress response. Darkness inhibits release. Light triggers release.

Question 31

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn)

Answer 31

The master biological clock'. Regulates the timing of the circadian sleep-wake cycle

Question 32

Ultradian rhythms.

Answer 32

Involves changes in bodily functions that occur in cycles shorter than 24 hours. E.g. Heart rate, breathing, hunger, NREM and REM cycles

Question 33

Hypnogram

Answer 33

A line graph of how a persons sleep progresses over a night (a sleep episode). Displays the patterns of a sleep episode which consists of sleep cycles that last approx 90 mins.

Question 34

Characteristics of Infant sleep (0-2 years)

Answer 34

- 14-17 hours per day - 50% NREM and 50% REM (more REM for consolidation of new information) - Short sleep cycles (50 mins) - can go straight into REM - lack capacity for long, deep NREM sleep

Question 35

Characteristics of Young Children Sleep (2-12 years)

Answer 35

- 10-12 hours - 75% NREM, 25% REM - sleep cycle approx 60 mins - higher proportion of deep NREM sleep - less awakenings

Question 36

Characteristics of Adolescent sleep (13-18)

Answer 36

- 9-10 hours - 80% NREM and 20% REM - Deep sleep (N3) decreases and N2 increases (more deep sleep than adults) - 90 min sleep cycles - sleep onset delayed by approx 2 hours

Question 37

Characteristics of Adult sleep (19-64 years)

Answer 37

- 7-8 hours - 80% NREM and 20% REM - 90 min sleep cycles - gradual loss of N3 sleep - lots of individual variation

Question 38

Characteristics of Elderly sleep (65+ years)

Answer 38

- 6-7 hours - 85% NREM and 15% REM - frequent awakenings - N3 disappears, majority N2 - increase in sleep latency - advanced sleep onset