Human Biology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Lymphatic and immune system

A

Has the lymphatic vessels and organs
- the lymphatic system and the immune system are so strongly associated with one another that the two are virtually indistinguishable.

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2
Q

Lymphatic system

A

A system of vessels, cells, and organs that carry excess fluids to the blood stream and filters pathogen fro the blood.

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3
Q

Lacteals

A

Lymphatic capillaries that transport dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins to the blood stream.

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4
Q

Provide two examples of connections between the lymphatic and immune systems

A
  • swelling of the lymph nodes via the lymphatic vessels
  • transport of lymphocytes via the lymphatic vessels
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5
Q

Functions of the lymphatic and immune systems

A

Homeostasis mechanism
Absorption and transportation: fats, proteins, fat-soluble nutrients (A, D, E, and K), other nutrients
Fluid balance - drains excessive interstitial fluid
Hematopoiesis - formation of new blood cells
Immune function

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6
Q

Interstitial fluid (IF)

A

Fills the spaces between the cells, is not the simple fluid that it seems to be
- interstitial fluid and blood plasma together constitute the extracellular fluid compartment of the body (internal environment of the body)

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7
Q

Passages
Lymph
Pump

A

Lymph vessels
Fluid
Skeletal muscles

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8
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

“Lymphatics” - originate as microscopic blind-end vessels called lymphatic capillaries

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9
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A
  • consist of a single layer of flattened endothelial cells
  • slightly larger than blood capillaries
  • allow interstitial fluid to flow in but NOT out
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10
Q

Lymphatic anatomy

A

Lymph vessel resemble veins in structure with these exceptions:
- lymphatics have thinner walls
- lymphatics contain more valves
- lymphatics contain lymph nodes located at certain intervals along their course

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11
Q

Lymph and interstitial fluid together

A
  • lymphatic networks are in the intercellular (interstitial) spaces and are widely distributed throughout the entire body. - however they are not located throughout the whole body
  • As a rule: lymphatic and blood capillary networks lie side by side but are always independent of each other.
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12
Q

The two lymphatic collecting ducts

A

Thoracic duct- the main collecting duct of the lymphatics, received lymph from the whole body, EXCEPT THE UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT
Right lymphatic duct - drains lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body

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13
Q

Lymphatic pump

A
  • there is no muscular pumping organ connected with the lymph system.
    -However, the movement of blood, keeps lymph moving slowly throughout the day
  • lymph flows though the thoracic duct and renters the general circulation (3 liters per day)
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14
Q

Lymphokinesis:

A

Movement, or flow of lymph
- the two primary mechanisms are?
Skeletal
Thorax (inspiration)

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15
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Lymph nodes are reticular “lymph glands”
- oval/bean shaped structures (1-2.5mm), that act like filters
- located in intervals along the lymphatic vessels
- remove microorganisms, debris, and abnormal cells.
- nodes are composed of connective tissue, macrophages, and lymphocytes. They act as filters, to cleanse the lymph as it passes through them

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16
Q

Lymph enter and exits nodes how

A

Lymph moves into a node by way of afferent lymphatic vessels and emerges by one or more efferent vessels

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17
Q

Sinus channels

A

Sinus channels slow the lymph flow

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18
Q

Reticuloendothelial cells

A
  • mechanical filtration
  • biological filtration (phagocytosis)
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19
Q

Tonsils are?

A

Masses of lymphoid tissue
Located in the pharyngeal lymphoid ring
First line of defense: filter food and air entering the throat

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20
Q

Types of tonsils

A

Palatine tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils
Lingual tonsils

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21
Q

Thymus is?

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A

Primary organ of the lymphatic system, two lobed; unpaired organ
Play a critical role in the fight against infection: has the site of maturation of T-cells (lymphocytes)

22
Q

The thymus secretes what

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A

Thymosin and thymopoietin

23
Q

The spleen

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A

The largest lymphatic organ
Located in the left abdominal cavity
Diseases that cause spleen enlargement involve: infectious mononucleosis, leukemia

24
Q

The two regions of the spleen

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A

Red pulp: removes old and damaged red blood cells. Is temporary blood storage
White pulp: contains lymphocytes, searching pathogens

25
Defense mechanisms include
Barriers to entry or ways of expelling or neutralizing pathogens (disease-producing microorganisms) before they do harm - skin, stomach, acid, tears, vomiting
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Nonspecific defense mechanisms
Phagocytosis, inflammation
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Specific defense mechanisms
Immune response enables body to recognize and remove specific bacteria, other foreign cells, viruses - antibodies - T-cells
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Disease-causing agents include?
Living organisms: bacteria, fungi, parasites Bacteria: unicellular prokaryotes Fungi: unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes Parasites: unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes Non living infectious “particles” -viruses -prions
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Bacteria
Characteristics - prokaryotic (no membrane enclosed nucleus, non - membranous), single-celled, uses a variety of resources for growth and reproduction Infections can be caused by: pneumonia, tonsillitis, tuberculosis, botulism, toxic shock syndrome, syphilis, Lyme disease, etc.
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Bacteria can generally be treated with what?
Antibiotics
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Viruses
Extremely small, much smaller than bacteria - living? Open to debate, unable to reproduce outside of a host cell; have no metabolic activity - contain DNA or RNA, not both Disease casued by viruses include: AIDS, hepatitis, encephalitis, rabies, influenza, colds, warts, chicken pox, Ebola, hemorrhagic fever
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Prions
Infectious proteins Normal proteins that are not folded correctly, the mid-folding become self-propagating which fills and disables the cell with protein debris - can resist cooking, freezing, drying -disease include, Bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE, “mad cow disease”), Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)
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Transmissibility
How easily a pathogen is passed from person to person
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Mode of transmission
Respiratory, fecal-oral, body fluids, direct contact
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Virulence
How much damage is caused by the infection
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The two major categories of immune mechanisms
Innate immunity - in place or already present, the immunity we are born with, is “nonspecific immunity” provides a general defense Adaptive immunity - responds to and changes to a specific threat, this is the immunity that you develop over time, “specific immunity” providing targeted defense
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First line of defense:
Barrier defenses: “mechanical and chemical barriers” (aka: skin and mucous) Epithelial barriers: stop things from getting inside our body Chemical barriers; mucous= traps pathogens; hydrochloride acid= GI mucosa = destroy pathogens
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Skin Tears and saliva Ear wax Mucus Stomach Vagina Vomiting, urination, defecation Resident bacteria
Skin - An effective deterrent Tears and saliva - Contain lysosome (antibacterial enzyme) Ear wax - Entrap microorganisms mucus - Entrap microorganisms Stomach - Highly acidic, inhibits microorganisms Vagina - Slightly acidic, inhibits some microorganisms Vomiting, urination, defecation - Remove microorganisms Resident bacteria - Outcompete pathogens
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Second line of defense
Inflammatory response - if/when alien invaders break through the mechanical and chemical barriers inflammation occurs - Swelling, redness, heat, fever, etc. (“nonspecific defense”)
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Define chemotaxis
Cells release chemicals to attract WBCs
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Third line of defense
Adaptive immunity Characteristics - recognizes and targets specific pathogens and foreign substances - has “memory” - “remembers” initial exposure and responds more quickly and aggressively on subsequent exposures - able to distinguish between - “self” cells and foreign, “non-self” invaders - healthy cells and abnormal (tumor) cells
42
Third line of defense contains
Adaptive immunity Lymphocytes: B lymphocytes - “B-cells” T lymphocytes - “T-cells” Natural Killer cells - “NK cells”
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Antigen
Any substance that triggers an immune response (cell markers) - usually protein or polysaccharide on outer surface or invading cell or virus - MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins - Self-antigens that are on human cell surfaces, enabling recognition of “self” - enable immune system to distinguish “self” from “non-self”
44
B lymphocytes
Antibody-mediated immunity - antibodies: proteins made by B lymphocytes that bind with and neutralize specific antigens - active against viruses, bacteria, and soluble foreign molecules
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T lymphocytes
Cell-mediated immunity - directly attack foreign cells - coordinate the immune response - active against parasites, viruses, fungi, intracellular bacteria, cancer cells, cells with “non-self” MHC
46
Adaptive immunity
Cell-mediate immunity: “cellular immunity” T-cells: originate from stem cells in the bone marrow, mature in the thymus, attack pathogens more directly, at the cellular level
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Primary immune response
Occurs on first exposure to antigen Characteristics - lag time of 3-6 days for antibody production, peaks at 10-12 days
48
Secondary immune response
Occurs on second and subsequent exposure or antigen Characteristics - lag time is hours, peaks in days, much more antibodies produced
49
Immunization
Immunization - a strategy for causing the body to develop immunity to a specific pathogen Active - intentionally expose individual to a form of the antigen that doesn’t produce disease (vaccine): also know as a vaccination Passive - adjuster protective antibodies to an individual
50
Allergies
Hypersensitivity reactions; inappropriate response to an allergen Allergen: an substance (antigen) that causes and allergic reaction (not a pathogen, but the body reacts as though it is a pathogen)
51
Examples of allergens:
Pollen Bee venom Foods (nuts, seafood) Oil from poison ivy plant
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