Biology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

A Chain of Being

A

Genesis creationism

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2
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

taxonomist, came up with binomial nomenclature (like Homo Sapien)
-scala natura

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3
Q

scala natura

A

ladder of nature (humans at the top, inanimate objects at the bottom)

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4
Q

Buffon

A
  • descent with modification

- said that the earth was older than 6,000 years old

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5
Q

Cuvier

A
  • father of paleontology: the study of fossils
  • first to use comparative anatomy
  • supported catastrophism: evidences of evolutionary change were from catastrophes and God continues to make new species
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6
Q

Jean Lamarck

A
  • first to support common descent
  • theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics (giraffe neck)
  • thought that changes in nature were due to a natural force because animals wanted perception - this is wrong
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7
Q

Charles Darwin

A
  • published the Origin of Species in 1859
  • went on the HMS Beagle in 1831
  • founded Natural Selection
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8
Q

Natural Selection

A

changes are brought about in the environment but they have no particular goal because the environment is constantly changing

  1. members of the population must have inheritable variation (vary in characteristics, have different alleles)
  2. more individuals are born than can survive and reproduce
    - there needs to be competition for food
  3. some organisms have characteristics that help them survive better
    - fitness: the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its local environment
  4. an increasing proportion of individuals in the next generation have the adaptive characteristics
    - this is differential reproduction
  5. result is a population adapted to its local environment
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9
Q

Wallace, Matthus, and Lye II

A
  • published a book similar to Darwin’s
  • said “death and famine in a population are inevitable”
  • wrote ‘Principles of Geology’, said “natural forces change the earth’s surface, these forces are still occurring today”
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10
Q

a species…

A

…has to be able to reproduce and can only mate within its species
-the chromosomes of members of a species are identical in number and size and carry similar groups of genes

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11
Q

Features of a Population

A
  1. morphological traits
    - the structural descriptions
  2. physiological traits
    - how cells and body parts work during metabolism, growth, and reproduction
  3. behavioral traits
    - the behaviors of organisms, how they respond to stimuli
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12
Q

morphs and polymorphs

A
  • distinct forms of traits (usually 2 or more of these)

- lots of variation

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13
Q

gene pool

A

all of he genes in a population; a pool of genetic resources shared by all members of a population and their future descendants
-the genes in the pool represent 2 or more slightly different alleles

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14
Q

gene flow and genetic drift

A
  • moving people in and out of a population, they take their genes with them
  • the changing of allele frequencies
    • gene flow causes genetic drift
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15
Q

which allele ends up in which gamete depends on…

A
  1. gene mutations
  2. crossing over in meiosis 1 (makes new allele combos)
  3. independent assortment (mixes maternal and paternal chromosomes)
  4. fertilization
  5. chromosomal mutations
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16
Q

genetic diversity

A

genetic differences among members of a population

-larger gene pool, more genetic diversity

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17
Q

allele frequency

A

the abundance of each kind of allele in a population

-the value of an allele to survival is what determines its frequency

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18
Q

Adaption to Local Environmental Conditions

why genetically distinct populations exist

A

-individual organisms within a population are not genetically identical, so some may have genetic combinations that are particularly valuable for survival in the local environment

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19
Q

Founder Effect (why genetically distinct populations exist)

A

some members leave a population and start a new colony, the descendants of the founders have genes like the founders, not like the population where the founders came from
-the colony also has less genetic makeup

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20
Q

Genetic Bottleneck (why genetically distinct populations exist)

A

occurs when a natural disaster happens and wipes out a ton of the population
-the surviving population underwent major genetic drift

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21
Q

Barriers to Movement (why genetically distinct populations exist)

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A

when natural barriers separate populations, so over time the populations evolve into separate species

22
Q

how genetic diversity comes about

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A
  • mutations
  • sexual reproduction
  • migration
  • population size
23
Q

evolution is…

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A

…a change in the frequency of genetically determined characteristics within a population over time

24
Q

5 Factors Responsible for Evolutionary Change

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A
  1. nonrandom mating
  2. mutations
  3. genetic drift (changes in allele frequencies)
  4. gene flow (moving people in and out of a population, this causes genetic drift)
  5. natural selection
25
Types of Natural Selection
1. stabilizing selection: wanting the average 2. directional selection: wanting one phenotypic extreme 3. disruptive selection: not wanting the average
26
Hardy Weinburg requirements
- no mutations - no gene flow - yes random mating - no genetic drift - no selection
27
evolution can be detected by...
...noting any deviation from the equilibrium, there would be a change in allele frequencies
28
evidences of evolution
- fossils, and dating them using absolute dating (half-life) and relative dating (wallpaper) - biogeography: comparing the geographic distribution of species - comparative anatomy - molecular biology: comparing the genes and protein sequences of species - embryology
29
Macroevolution: how new species originate
1. geographic isolation: when a physical barrier divides a population 2. reproductive isolation: when formally interbreeding populations can no longer mate (new courtship dance) 3. polyploidy: having multiple sets of chromosomes rather than having a normal diploid or haploid number
30
how quickly does speciation occur?
- gradualism: the idea that species originate through a gradual change of adaptations - punctuated equilibrium: speciation occurs quickly in rapid bursts with long periods of gentle equilibrium
31
a brief history of life
- life evolved in the sea - the first replicating molecules were RNA - the common ancestor of all life used RNA as its genetic material. this ancestor have us 3 lineages of life: prokaryotes, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes - eukaryotes included single celled organisms like amoebas, fungi, plants, and animals - the first cells were anaerobic, heterotrophic, thermophilic prokaryotes
32
definitions of natural and artificial selection
- natural selection: individuals with good characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce - artificial selection: selective breeding of domestic organisms
33
homologous structures
similarity in characteristics resulting from common ancestry | -wrist bones in cats and humans and whales
34
analogous structures
when two animals don't have a common ancestor, but they had to solve similar problems and meet common needs so they both developed the same traits -eyeballs on squids and cats
35
vestigial structures
structures animals don't really need | -human tailbones, wings on flightless birds
36
what is meant by the Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium?
no matter how many times alleles are segregated into different gametes by meiosis and united into different combinations by fertilization, allele frequencies stay the same unless acted upon by other agents
37
what is the heterozygous advantage?
when heterozygous individuals display dominant and recessive benefits -people who are heterozygous for sickle cell anemia don't have the disease, but do have immunity to malaria
38
what is a neutral variation?
genetic variation that provides no apparent selective advantage -fingerprints
39
what is sexual dimorphism
the gender distinction in appearance | -boy peacock feathers, firefly lights
40
what is speciation?
-the origin of new species, such as one species evolving from another
41
4 ways biologists define species
- biological species concept: members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring - morphological species concept: based on physical features - ecological species concept: a species' ecological niches and unique adaptations - phylogenetic species concept: organisms with same genetic history
42
5 main types of prezygotic barriers (mating preventions)
- temporal isolation: 2 species breed at different times - habitat isolations: 2 species live in the same general area but not the same kinds of places - behavioral isolation: no sexual attraction between males and females of different species - mechanical isolation: female and male organs aren't compatible - genetic isolation: gametes don't form zygotes
43
what is allopatric speciation?
populations evolving into different species because they're geographically separated
44
Dianne Dodd's experiments
she divided fruit flies that were bred on different foods, then cross mates them, she found that male maltose flies were more likely to mate with female maltose than female starch -this proved that a population's geography doesn't prevent mating altogether
45
what is polyploidy and how does it relate to sympatric speciation?
- a new species that has cells that have more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes - sympatric speciation is when reproductive isolation develops and new species arise without geographic separation
46
adaptive radiation
the evolution of many new species from a common ancestor, occurs when a few organisms make their way to new, unexploited areas
47
what is exaptation?
when a structure is evolved for one thing and later used for another -dinos had feathers for insulation, later on they were pretty handy for flying
48
what is paedomorphosis?
the retention in the adult of features that were juvenile in its ancestors -some salamanders grow to adulthood without losing external gills
49
hierarchal classification
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
50
phylogenetic tree vs cladogra,
phylogenetic tree portrays evolutionary history of species, while cladograms are diagrams that depict the pattern of shared characteristics
51
what is a clade?
an evolutionary branch that consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants
52
what is an ingroup and outgroup?
- in: the group of analyzed taxa | - out: closely related to the ingroup, but not a member
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