What is thinking (cognition)?
Mental activity that occurs in the brain when information is being organized, stored, communicated, or processed.
What are mental images?
Picture-like representations of objects or events that are used in thinking.
What are concepts?
Ideas that represent a class or category of events, objects, or activities.
What is a prototype?
An example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of that concept.
What is problem solving?
Thinking and behaving in certain ways to reach a goal.
What is an algorithm?
A step-by-step procedure for solving certain types of problems.
What is a heuristic?
A ‘rule of thumb’ that narrows down possible solutions to a problem.
What is insight?
The sudden perception of a solution to a problem.
What is functional fixedness?
The tendency to perceive objects as having only their original use.
What is mental set?
The tendency to use strategies that have worked in the past.
What is confirmation bias?
The tendency to search for evidence that supports one’s beliefs and ignore contrary evidence.
What is divergent thinking?
Coming up with many different ideas or answers, often considered creative thinking.
Define intelligence.
The ability to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges.
Who proposed multiple intelligences?
Howard Gardner.
What is emotional intelligence?
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions effectively.
What is the difference between reliability and validity in testing?
Reliability measures consistency; validity measures whether a test measures what it claims to measure.
What is the nature vs. nurture debate in intelligence?
Whether intelligence is primarily determined by genetics (nature) or environment (nurture).
What is a phoneme?
The smallest unit of sound in a language.
What is a morpheme?
The smallest unit of meaning in a language.
What is syntax?
The rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences.
What is the language acquisition device?
According to Chomsky, an innate mechanism that allows humans to acquire language.
What are the three main research designs in developmental psychology?
Longitudinal, cross-sectional, and cross-sequential.
What is nature vs. nurture?
The debate over the influence of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) on development.
What is a dominant gene?
A gene that actively controls the expression of a trait.
