Chapter 7: Learning

Question 1

Learning

Hint - Can’t be observed

Answer 1

Lasting change caused by experience. Has to be inferred by behaviour and can’t be directly observed.

Question 2

Non-Associative

Answer 2

Learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli; learning occurs following repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event.

Question 3

Associative

Answer 3

A change as a result of experience from two or more stimuli interlinked.

Question 4

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Answer 4

Consuming something, and struggling to consume something after.

Question 5

3 Characteristics of Non-Associative Learning: Habituation, Dishabituation, & Sensitization

Answer 5

Habituation: weakening of response to a stimulus after repeated presentation

Dishabituation: response recovery to stimulus after a change in situation

Sensitization: strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to a subsequent presentation of a weaker stimuli

Question 6

Associative Characteristics Learning

Answer 6

Connections are formed between two or more stimuli; most learning

Question 7

What are the 2 Associative Characteristics of Learning?

Answer 7

Classical & Operant Conditioning

Question 8

What is Classical Conditioning?

Answer 8

Association of neutral stimulus paired with a salient stimulus -

eventually the neutral stimulus predicts the salient stimulus.

Question 9

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 9

Discovered classical conditioning; studied digestion; bell, food and dog salivating (repeated exposure).

Question 10

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Hint - Involuntary

Answer 10

Stimulus that normally produces a measurable, involuntary response.

Question 11

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 11

An unlearned or involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 12

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 12

A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a CR through association with an US.

Question 13

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 13

The learned or required response to a conditioned stimulus.

Ex. Arousal on Calvin Klien (JB)

Question 14

What are the 3 Variables to Classical Conditioning?

Hint - Responses

Answer 14

Strength - US needs to be strong to elicit a quick and regular UR.

Timing - CS must precede the US.

Frequency - Pairing needs to occur more than once.

Question 15

Acquisition

Hint - Rapid

Answer 15

Initial learning of stimulus-response relationship; more pairings between the CS and US, the likelihood of association that’s learned.

Most rapid acquisition followed by the strongest response has a short delay between the CS and US (30s).

Question 16

Extinction

Hint - What responses are removed?

Answer 16

Reduction of the CR after repeated presentations of the CS.

Question 17

Spontaneous Recovery

Hint - Re-emergance

Answer 17

Re-emergence of a conditioned response some time after extinction has occurred.

Question 18

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 18

Occurs when stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus trigger the same conditioned response.

Ex: New bells like the yellow one.

Question 19

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 19

Learning to respond only to a specific conditioned stimulus and not to other/similar stimuli.

Ex: Trained to only respond to Yellow bell only.

Question 20

Higher-Order Conditioning

Answer 20

Previous conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus.

Ex. Cabinet & chip bag elicits an CR.

Question 21

Operant Conditioning

Hint - Who made it? It includes punishment/reinforcement

Answer 21

Likelihood of a behaviour increasing or decreasing depends on the reinforcement or punishment that follows. Created by B.F. Skinner.

Question 22

Shaping

Hint - Slowly

Answer 22

Reinforcing behaviours that gradually accomplish a goal.

Ex. Teaching a dog how to do a new trick.

Question 23

Reinforcer

Answer 23

Increases the probability that a response will occur.

Question 24

POS Reinforcement

Answer 24

Presentation of a stimulus after a behaviour that increases the likelihood that a response will occur.

Question 25

NEG Reinforcement | Hint - Isolation

Answer 25

REMOVAL of an aversive stimulus that increases the likelihood a response will reoccur. Escape & Avoidance Conditioning. | Ex. Social-anxiety; isolation

Question 26

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 26

Reinforcer that has survival value for the organism.

Question 27

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 27

Neutral stimulus that has no value on its own; can become rewarding when linked with a primary reinforcer. | Ex. $10 buying cupcakes.

Question 28

Define Punishment

Answer 28

Decreases the possibility that a response will occur. Punishment teaches what NOT to do (or NOT get caught). | Punishment & Reinforcement work together.

Question 29

Positive Punishment | Hint - Adding ew POS

Answer 29

Unpleasant stimulus is added in an effort to decrease an undesirable behaviour. | Ex. Spanking because they didn't do chores.

Question 30

Negative Punishment

Answer 30

When a pleasant stimulus is taken away in an effort to decrease an undesirable behaviour. | Ex. Taking away cupcakes because of too much TV time.

Question 31

Primary Punisher | Hint - 'Punisher'

Answer 31

A punisher that is naturally painful or unpleasant to an organism.

Question 32

Secondary Punisher | Hint - What becomes punishing?

Answer 32

A neutral stimulus that has no value on its own but can become punishing when linked with a primary punisher. | Ex. Speeding ticket.

Question 33

Learned Helplessness | Hint - What are they not responding to?

Answer 33

Not responding to negative consequences or punishment over which you have no control.

Question 34

Variables of Punishments: Strength, Timing, Frequency

Answer 34

Strength - Consequences need to be strong enough. Timing - Consequences must be followed directly after behaviour. Frequency - Consistency of consequences.

Question 35

What are the 3 different schedules of reinforcement? | Continuous, Partial, & PREE

Answer 35

Continuous Reinforcement - Reinforcement for every occurrence of the behaviour. Partial Reinforcement - Occasional or intermittent reinforcement. Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect (PREE) - More resistant to extinction. | CR - Reward after behaviour PR - Reward ocassionally PREE - Permanent

Question 36

Interval Schedules

Answer 36

Time Periods | Fixed-Interval & Variable-Interval

Question 37

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Answer 37

Reward delivered after specified interval of time provided a response occurs at least once. | Ex. Bi-weekly pay-check.

Question 38

Variable-Interval Schedule

Answer 38

Reward delivered after a predetermined but varying interval of time provided a response occurs at least once. | Ex. Emails or pop quizzes.

Question 39

Ratio Schedules

Answer 39

Work Output | Work YOU put in.

Question 40

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Answer 40

Reward is delivered after a specified number of responses has occurred. | 50 widgets after 1 hour of work.

Question 41

Variable-Ratio Schedule | Ex. Should be a reward

Answer 41

Reward is delivered after a predetermined but variable number of responses has occurred. | Ex. Should be a reward, so you try really hard - TIKTOK Algorithms.

Question 42

Spacing (distributed practice)

Answer 42

Usually beats cramming especially with large amounts of information. Timing matters (don’t space so far that you forget the basics).

Question 43

Retrieval Practice | Hint - What is the benefit to studying retrieval?

Answer 43

Helps retention; benefits vary by domain and method—so mix it with concept mapping, examples, and feedback. | Ex. Quizzes, flashcards

Question 44

Interleaving (mixing similar concepts/problems) | Hint - When do you use this in studying?

Answer 44

Improves discrimination. Use when topics are confusable.

Question 45

Observational Learning Theory

Answer 45

Learning new responses by observing behaviour of a model and imitating it.

Question 46

Implicit Learning | Hint - Unconscious LEARNING

Answer 46

Unconscious learning of patterns or skills through experience and repetition. | Ex. Picking up grammar rules without ever studying them directly.

Question 47

Latent Learning | Hint - Revealing later

Answer 47

Knowledge gained without immediate reinforcement, revealed later when needed. | Ex. Rat learns a maze layout but only shows it once food is introduced.

Question 48

Insight Learning

Answer 48

Sudden understanding or problem-solving “aha!” moment after mental restructuring. | Ex. Realizing how to reach a banana by stacking boxes, like chimpanzees.

Question 49

Spatial Navigation

Answer 49

Learning how to move through an environment by forming mental “maps.” | Ex. Remembering layout of your neighbourhood without needing a GPS.