Psych 1021 > Chapter 7- Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 7- Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

enduring changes in behaviour that occur with new experiences
-occurs when information moves from short-term to long-term memory

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2
Q

Orienting response

A

the automatic shift of attention toward a new stimulus

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3
Q

Habituation

A

a sensory process by which individuals adapt to constant stimulation

  • result is a change in your response stemming from experience
  • repeated occurrences of stimulus-> response to stimulus decreases
  • learning in the simplest form
  • stimulus varies slightly->orienting->response occurs -> process begins again
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4
Q

Association

A

occurs when one piece of information from the environment is linked repeatedly with another
-individual begins to connect the two sources of info

  • formed from two events occurring together, whether or not they make sense
    ex: need can opener to open cat food, cat has associated those two pieces of info, every time cat sees can opener ,expects food
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5
Q

Conditioning

A

behaviour becomes more likely because the individual links that behaviour with certain events in environment
-from of associative learning in which behaviours are triggered by associations with events in the environment

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6
Q

What are the two types of conditioning

A

1) Classical
2) Operant
both are forms of associative learning

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7
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

learning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the learner has an automatic/involuntary response

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8
Q

Pavlov’s Dogs

A
  • dogs would begin salivating before meat was given, while it was being prepared
  • gave meat powder with bell every time
  • rang bell by itself, dogs began to salivate
  • called it conditioning of reflexes
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9
Q

Unconditioned

A

unlearned

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10
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

-the automatic, inborn response to a stimulus

salivation

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11
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

-the stimulus that always produces the same unlearned response
(meat)

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12
Q

Without learning and in Pavlovs experiment

A

the unconditioned stimulus always produces the unconditioned response

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13
Q

fixed stimulus-response patterns

A

reflexes

-classical conditioning is the modification if fixed stimulus-response (S-R) patterns

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14
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

-a previously neutral stimulus that an individual learns to associate with the unconditioned stimulus
(the bell)

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15
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

-a behaviour that an individual learns to perform when presented with the conditioned stimulus alone
(salivating to the bell)

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16
Q

Forward conditioning

A

-presenting neutral stimulus before the unconditioned stimulus

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17
Q

Backward conditioning

A
  • when the neutral stimulus follows the unconditional stimulus simultaneously
  • less successful
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18
Q

Fundamental criteria for classical conditioning

A

1) Multiple pairings of US and neutral stimulus (CS) are necessary for an association to occur and for the CS to produce the conditioned response
2) The US and CS must be paired or presented very close together in time for an association to form

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19
Q

Stimulus generalization

A
  • extension of association between the US and CS that includes a bunch of similar stimuli
  • cat comes running when you open drawers, associates drawer opening with can opener, with food
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20
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

-when a CR occurs only to the exact CS to which it was conditioned

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21
Q

Extinction

A

the weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response

  • occurs when the US is no longer paired with the CS
  • never eliminates the response, only represses it
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22
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

the sudden reappearance of an extinguished response

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23
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A
  • where a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus
  • ex- beer commercial paired with canada flag
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24
Q

Little Albert

A
  • John Watson
  • brought our white rate to show little albert wasn’t afraid of it
  • paired the presentation of rat with very loud noise(US)
  • loud noise startled little albert (UR)
  • repeated pairings of loud noise with rat, seeing the rat alone (CS) made him upset
  • his fear grew to white fluffy items (stimulus generalization)
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25
Operant Conditioning
the process of learning based upon the consequences of behaviour -Skinner
26
Law of Effect
the consequences of behaviour increase or decease the likelihood of repeating that behaviour
27
a behaviour that is rewarded is
more likely to be repeated
28
Reinforcer
any event that increases a behaviour -has to be something the learner wants -ex when a baby sees he can get a big smile from his mom when he smiles, he smiles again
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Two kinds of reinforcers
1) Primary | 2) Secondary (or conditioned)
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Primary reinforcers
are not learned | -ex- food, water, sex
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Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers
are learned by association, usually via classical conditioning -ex- money, grades, approval
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potential reinforcer
-may acquire pleasant characteristics if it is associated with something that is inherently reinforcing
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showing pics of celebrity after styling gel
participants rated the product more favourably | -product ratings did not decline with extinction
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Positive reinforcement
- when the addition of a stimulus increases the likelihood of a behaviour - ex: extra credit points for handing things in on time
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Negative reinforcement
- when the removal of a stimulus increases the likelihood of a behaviour - stimulus that is removed is unpleasant - ex- take medicine to remove headache
36
Punishment
- stimulus that decreases the frequency of a behaviour | - can be positive or negative
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Positive punishment
- addition of a stimulus that decreases behaviour - ex-spanking if it decreases undesirable behaviour - getting a ticket
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Negative punishment
- removal of a stimulus that decreases behaviour | - revoking a kids TV privileges for hitting brother
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How Operant Conditioning Works
- any behaviour that is reinforced becomes strengthened and more likely to occur in the future - will undergo extinction the learned association is weakened - extinction occurs when the behaviour stops being reinforced
40
Skinner Box
- simple chamber used for operant conditioning of small animals - trained a rat to open a lever by reinforcing behaviours that occurred when the rat came closer to pressing the lever
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Shaping
- the reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behaviour - training animals in shows
42
Continuous reinforcement
reinforcement of a behaviour every time it occurs
43
Intermittent reinforcement
-also called partial reinforcement reinforcement of a behaviour that does not occur after every response -produce stronger behavioural response because of expectation ex- rat doesn't know how many times it will take to press the lever to get food, hits it uncontrollably -checking your phone
44
Schedules of reinforcement
1) Fixed ratio (FR) schedule 2) Variable ratio (VR) schedule 3) Fixed interval (FI) schedule 4) Variable interval (VI) schedule - all types of intermittent reinforcement
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Fixed ratio (FR) schedule
- reinforcement follows a set number of responses - predictable - pause after reinforcement occurs, then response increases
46
Variable ratio (VR) schedule
number of responses for reinforcement varies - produces steady rate of response because individual doesn't know how many responses are necessary to obtain reinforcement - ex a slot machine
47
Fixed interval (FI) schedule
- reinforcement always follows the first response after a set period of time - rate of response after reinforcement stops, accelerates as the time of reinforcement approaches - is tests are every 4 weeks, studying is low following every test
48
Variable interval (VI) schedule
the first response is reinforced after different time periods - produce steady, moderate rate of response - individuals don't know when they're going to be rewarded so they just keep doing the behaviour consistently
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Instinctive drift
- learned behaviour that shifts towards instinctive, unlearned behaviour tendencies - try to make a racoon put a penny in a slot, racoon will always try to wash it - ex humans speaking
50
Biological constraint model of learning
- some behaviours are more likely to be learned than others | - adaptive behaviours more likely to occur than bad ones
51
Imprinting
- rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver within a very short period of time - forming strong bond to mother after birth - illustrates sensitive period in learning - permanent - can happen or not at all
52
Ethology
the scientific study of animal behaviour
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Sensitive period
-a period when a particular type of learning occurs very rapidly if an animal is exposed to a particular stimulus or situation
54
Latent learning
learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until reinforcement occurs -rat group that initially wasn't rewarded but then rewarded ran the maze faster than all other rats
55
cognitive maps
picture in minds
56
Conditioned taste aversion
- learned avoidance of a particular food - Don’t need multiple pairings, only requires one pairing - doesn’t need to be close in time - Violates these two rules, but it is classical conditioning - can be trained to avoid things you like - lasted 30 days in mice
57
Social Learning theory
The ability to learn from others, social interaction | -works through modelling, reinforcement
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Enactive learning
learning by doing
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Observational learning
learning by watching the behaviour of others
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modelling
the imitation of behaviours performed by others
61
Bobo doll
- kids who watched video of adults being aggressive to bobo doll behaved aggresively to bobo doll too - children who saw aggressive adults be awarded were more violent with the toys - didnt see aggressive adults or didn't see aggressive adults punished , weren't violent at all
Psych 1021
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