Interferance increases with what experimental variable?
increases with number of AC trials
what is maintenance rehersal?
holding information in memory by repeating it over and over without any consideration of meaning or making connections with other information
what is elaborative rehersal?
being able to remember information by considering meaning or making connections to other information (stronger memory than maintenance rehersal)
what is the levels of processing theory by Craik and Lockhard?
memory depends on the depth of processing that an item receives; depth of processing distinguished between shallow processing and deep processing
what is shallow processing
involves little attention to meaning and focuses on physical rfeatures
what is deep processing
involves close attention focusing on items meaning and relating it to something else
what did craik and tulving find out about these levels of processing?
that deeper processing is associated with better memory like filling in the blanks
What was bower and Winzenz experiment on forming visual images?
decided to test whether visual imager can create connections to enhance memory
had people relate a paired words by imagingin them interacting with one another and realized that this helps ehnahnce memory alot… by forming a mental picture of interaciton of two items
what is the self-reference effect?
memory is better if u ask to refer work to yourself
What are three specific situations in which retrival is increased by matching conditions at retrival to conditions at encoding?
- encoding specificity: states that we encode information along with its context (diving experiment by baddley)
- state dependent learning: learning that is associated with a particular internal state such as mood or state of wareness
- transfer-appropriate processing: better performance when type of processing matches encoding and retrieval
what was muller nad pilzcker’s experiment on consolidation?
two groups learned non-sense syllables
- the immediate group learned one list and then immeadlty the second
- the delay group learned the first list, waited 6 min and then learned second
- when recall for the first list was measured, subjects in delay group remembered more
What is synaptic consolidation?
takes place in over minutes or hours involves strucutal changes to synases
systems cosolidation?
takes place over months or years, and invovles gradual reorganization of neural circuits within the brain
standard model of consolidation?
proposes that incoming information activates a number of areas in the cortex
what is reactivation?
process in which hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with memory
what is multiple trace model of consolidation?
hippocampus is inolved in tretrival of episodic memories
what is graded amnesia?
amnesia tends to be the most severe for events that happened just before the injury and become less severe with earlier events
