1
Q
Articulation
A
site where two or more bones meet
2
Q
Joint Function
A
- give skeleton mobility
- hold skeleton together
3
Q
Classifications of Joints:
A
- Structural
- Functional
4
Q
Functional Classifications:
A
- Synarthroses
- Amphiarthroses
- Diarthroses
5
Q
Synarthroses
A
immovable joint
6
Q
Amphiarthroses
A
slightly movable joints
7
Q
Diarthroses
A
freely movable joints
8
Q
Structural Classifications:
A
- Fibrous joints
- Cartliginous joints
- Synovial joints
9
Q
Fibrous joints
A
bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
10
Q
Most synarthrotic joint?
A
Fibrous joint
11
Q
Types of Fibrous Joints
A
- Sutures
- Syndesomoses
- Gomphoses
12
Q
Sutures description/location/fact
A
- joints interlocked by fibers
- found in the skull
- in middle age sutures and ossify and fuse AKA synostoses
13
Q
Syndesmoses description/location/fact
A
- joints held together by a ligament
- ligament that connects the fibula/tibia or radius/ulna
*little to no movement at tibiofibular and movement at radius and ulna connection
14
Q
Gomphoses description/location
A
- peg in socket fibrous joint
- peridontal ligament
*only in the teeth
15
Q
Cartilaginous joint
A
- bones united by cartilage
- no joint cavity
- synarthrotic
16
Q
Types of Cartilaginous Joints
A
- Synchondroses
- Symphyses
17
Q
Synchondroses
A
- hyaline cartilage unites (joints)
- synarthrotic
- ribs attached to sternum (manubrium)/ epiphyseal plate
18
Q
Symphyeses
A
- fibrocartilage unite (joints)
- amphiarthrotic
- pubic symphysis/ intervertebral discs
19
Q
Synovial Joints
A
- separate bones by fluid-filled joint cavity
- diarthrotic
- limb joints
20
Q
6 shapes of Synvoial Joints
A
- plane
- hinge
- pivot
- condylar
- saddle
- ball and socket joints
21
Q
6 Distinguishing Factors of Synovial Joints
A
- Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage
- Joint cavity: synovial
- Articular capsule: joint
- Synovial fluid
- Different reinforcing ligaments
- Nerve and blood vessels
22
Q
Articular cartilage
A
prevents crushing bone ends
23
Q
Joint cavity
A
small fluid-filled potential space
24
Q
Articular capsule
A
- fibrous layer (external)
- synovial membrane (internal)- produces synvoal fluid
25
Synovial fluid
-slippery and viscous due to hyaluronic acid
- lubricates/nourishes articular cartilage
- contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
26
Different Reinforcing Ligaments
- contains capsular: thicker part of fibrous layer
- extracapsular: outside of the capsule
- intracapsular: inside of the capsule
27
Nerves and Blood vessels
- innervated and vascular: detect pain and monitor joint position
28
Other Factors of Distinguishing of Synovial Joints
*not present in all joints*
- Fatty pads
- articular discs
- bursae
- tendon sheaths
29
Homeostatic Imbalances in Joints
- Tendonitis
- Bursitis
30
Tendonitis
- inflammation of tendon sheaths due to overuse
- treat with rest, ice, and antiinflammatory drugs
31
Bursitis
- inflammation of bursa due to blow or friction
- treat with rest, ice, and anti-inflammatory drugs
32
3 Stabilizing Factors at synovial Joints
1. Shapes of articular surfaces (#3)
2. Ligament number and location (#2)
3. Muscle tendons that cross joint (#1)
- all diarhtrotic
33
Muscle tone
keep tendons taut
34
Common Joint Injuries
1. Cartilage tears
2. Sprains
3. Arthritis
4. Osteoarthritis
5. Rheumatoid Arthritis
6. Gouty Arthritis
35
Cartilage tears
- due to compression and shear tears
- avascular: cartilage rarely repairs itself
- treated by arthroscopic surgery: ligaments repaired and cartilage fragments removed
36
Sprains
- reinforces ligaments stretched or torn
- poor vascularization: slowly repair/heal
- 3 treatments if torn completely:
- ends sewn together
- replaced with grafts
- time and immobilization
37
Arthritis
- #1 Joint homeostatic imbalance
- symptoms include: pain, stiffness, and swelling
- acute forms are due to bacteria and treated with Abx
- chronic forms include OA, RA, and GA
38
Osteoarthritis (OA)
- wear and tear
- more cartilage is destroyed (break done of articular cartilage) the replaced in badly aligned or overworked joints
- process: bone on bone to inflammatory response to enlarged joints to bone spurs which restrict movement
- treatment: moderate activity, mild pain relievers, and capsaicin cream
39
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
-chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease (attacks its own cells)
- joint pain, swelling, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular problems
- process: synovitis to inflammatory blood cells migrating to joint releasing inflammatory chemicals destroying the tissues to accumulation of synovial fluid to swelling
40
Gouty Arthritis (GA)
- Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues followed by inflammation
- Affects joints at base of great toe
- untreated GA bone ends fuse and immobilize joint
- Treatment: drugs, hydration, alcohol avoidance
Anatomy& Physiology
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