chapter 8- respondent conditioning

Question 1

backward conditioning

Answer 1

• the us is presented before the NS

ie the puff of air is forced and the sound clicking sound is presented

Question 2

conditioned emotional response

Answer 2

• a type of conditioned response in which an emotional response such as fear, anger, or happiness is elicited by a conditioned stimulus in the process of respondent conditioning

Question 3

conditioned response

Answer 3

• in respondent conditioning, a CR is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; the conditioned stimulus acquires the power to elicit the CR by its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus or another conditioned stimulus

Question 4

conditioned stimulus

Answer 4

a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus; once established in this way; the CS elicits a conditioned response similar to the unconditioned response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

delay conditioning

Answer 5

• the NS is presented and then the US is presented before the NS ends
  ie. you present the clicking sound and the puff of air is presented before the clicking sound has terminated *most effective

Question 6

higher-order conditioning

Answer 6

• when a NS is paired with an already established CS and NS comes as CS

Question 7

operant behaviour

Answer 7

• behaviour that acts on the environment to produce an immediate consequence and in turn, is strengthened by that consequence

Question 8

operant conditioning

Answer 8

• occurs when a behaviour in a particular situation is followed by a reinforcing consequence, thus making the behaviour more likely to occur in similar circumstances in the future

Question 9

respondent behaviour

Answer 9

• behaviour that is elicited by a PRIOR stimulus; an unconditioned response (UR) and a conditioned response (CR) are respondent behaviours because they are elicited by unconditioned stimuli (US) and conditioned stimuli (CS) respectively

Question 10

respondent conditioing

Answer 10

• a process in which a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US); the US elicits an unconditioned response (UR); as a result of the pairing the neutral stimulus with the US, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a similar UR called conditioned response

Question 11

respondent extinction

Answer 11

• the process in which when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) the CS gradually ceases to elicit the conditioned response (CR)
  ie. if pavlov continued to present the sound of the metronome (CS), but never paired the metronome with the delivery oof meat (US), the dog would salivate less and less to the sound of the metronome

Question 12

salient

Answer 12

• a stimulus is salient when it is intense or easily detected by the indivdual

Question 13

simultaneous conditioning

Answer 13

• the NS and US are presented at the same time

ie the clicking sound and the puff of air occur simultaneously

Question 14

spontaneous recovery

Answer 14

• the process in which, when a conditioned response (CR) has been extinguished the CR may occur at a later time when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented again
• during this process CR should again disappear if the US is not presented witht he CS during spontaneous recovery

Question 15

trace conditionning

Answer 15

• The NS precedes the US, but the NS ends before the US is presented
  ie. you present the clicking sound , and after the clicking sound has stopped you present the puff of air**most effective

Question 16

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 16

• the response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 17

unconditioned stimulus (US

Answer 17

• a stimulus that naturally elicits an unconditioned response (UR) because the UR has survival value; no prior conditioning is needed for the US to elicit a UR

Question 18

discrimination and generalization of respondent behaviour

Answer 18

• discrimination in respondent conditioning is the situation in which the CR is elicited by a single CS or a narrow range of CSs
• generalization has occurred when a number of similar CSs or broader range of CSs elicits the same CR ie if a dog is scared of any type of dog generalization has occurred

Question 19

difference b/w elicit and evoke

Answer 19

• we say that respondent behaviour is ELICITED by an antecedent stimulus
• we say that operant behaviour is EVOKED by an antecedent stimulus or event.

Question 20

difference b/w operant and respondent conditioning

Answer 20

• respondent behaviour is a UR or CR elicited by an antecedent stimulus
• they are bodily responses that have biological basis
• operant behaviour is controlled by its consequence
• operant occurs when a specific response in a particular stimulus situation is followed reliably by a reinforcing consequence