Chapter 9: Joints

Question 1

joint (articulation or arthrosis)

what does it attach?

Answer 1

POA btween 2 or more bones

• also btwn teeth and bones

Question 2

how are bones structurally classified?

Answer 2

based on:

• presence or absence of a synovial joint cavity
• type of connecting tissue (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial)

Question 3

how are bones functionally classified?

Answer 3

based on the degree of movement permitted (synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses)

Question 4

description of fibrous joints

Answer 4

lack a synovial cavity, aticulating bones are held together by fibrous CT

• synarthroses

Question 5

what kind of movement do synarthroses joints have?

Answer 5

allow little or no movement

Question 6

3 types of fibrous joints

Answer 6

1. suture
2. sydesmosis
3. gomphosis

Question 7

suture

description

function

Answer 7

• fibrous joint composed of thin layer of dense fibrous CT (sutural ligament)
• united skull bones
• slight movement, only in skull

Question 8

description of synostosis joint

Answer 8

• suture joint that has ossified
• ex: suture btwn frontal and parietal (coronal suture)
• 10% ossified

Question 9

how is a synostosis functionally classified?

Answer 9

as a synarthrosis which allows little or no movement

Question 10

description of syndesmosis

example

Answer 10

• fibrous joint in which 2 bones are separated by thick dense fibrous CT (interosseous membrane or ligament)
• ex: joint btwn distal tibia and fibula (anterior tibiofibular ligament)

Question 11

ligament

Answer 11

bone to bone

Question 12

gomphosis (dentoalveolar)

Answer 12

• fibrous joint in which cone shaped peg fits into a socket (alveolar socket)
• ex: periodontal ligament

Question 13

description of cartilaginous joints

Answer 13

• lacks a synovial cavity
• articulating bones connected by either fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
• synarthroses

Question 14

2 types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 14

synchondroses, symphysis

Question 15

synchondrosis

description

example

Answer 15

• cartilaginous joint
• connecting material is hyaline cartilage
• ex: epiphyseal plate of a bone

Question 16

symphysis

Answer 16

• cartilaginous joint in which connecting material is a white broad disc of fibrocartilage
• ex: pubis symphysis

Question 17

range of motion for amphiarthrosis joint

Answer 17

slightly moveable

Question 18

description of synovial joints

Answer 18

have a synovial joint cavity btwn articulating bones

Question 19

description of diarthroses joints

Answer 19

freely moveable joint (several types of movement)

Question 20

articular cartilage (fibrocartilage/hyaline)

location

function

Answer 20

• covers the end of bones at synovial joints
• function = decrease friction produced by moving bones and absorb shock

Question 21

articular capsule

location

parts

Answer 21

• encloses the synovial cavity and unites the articulating bones
• 2 layers:
  
  • outer fibrous capsule
  • inner synovial membrane

Question 22

outer fibrous capsule

tupe of tissue

location

Answer 22

• dense irregular CT attached to periosteum
• some of these are arranged in parallel bundles called ligaments

Question 23

inner synovial membrane

type of tissue

Answer 23

elastic areolar CT

Question 24

synovial fluid

functions (5)

Answer 24

• secreted by the synovial membrane
  
  • lubricates joint
  • decreases friction
  • supply nutrients
  • removes wastes given off by chondrocytes
  • phagocytes to remove debris accumulated from joint wear & tear

Question 25

why warm up?

Answer 25

stimulates production and secretion of synovial fluid

Question 26

what is the function of accessory ligaments and articular discs? Why?

Answer 26

* alter the shape of joint surfaces of articulating bones to allow * tighter fit * increased joint stability * distributes synovial fluid to areas of stress in joint

Question 27

articular discs functions

Answer 27

* menisci * perform 3 functions * maintain joint stability * distribute synovial fluid * allow tighter fit

Question 28

what occurs during a sprain?

Answer 28

forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint that stretches or tears its ligaments but doesnt dislocate

Question 29

what is a strain?

Answer 29

stretched or partially torn muscle

Question 30

bursae description function location

Answer 30

* synovial fluid filled saclike structures that cushionthe movement of 1 body part over another * located btwn bone and skin where skin rubs over bone btwn tendons and bones within articular capsule

Question 31

gliding movements

Answer 31

* when flat bone surface moves back and forth against each other * no alteration of the angle btwn bones * occur at plantar joints

Question 32

angular movements

Answer 32

* inc/dec in the angle btwn articulating bones * principle angular movements are: * flexion * extension * hypertension

Question 33

flexion

Answer 33

* dec in the angle btwn articulating bones * ex: cervical spine, chin to chest, foot plantar/dorsi flexion

Question 34

extension

Answer 34

inc in the angle btwn articulating bones

Question 35

lateral flexion

Answer 35

* movement of the trunk sideways to the right/left at waist * movement occurs in the frontal plane and involves the intervertebral joints (spine)

Question 36

hyperextension

Answer 36

* continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position * usually prevented by the arrangement of ligaments and the anatomical alignment of bones

Question 37

abduction

Answer 37

movement of bone away from midline

Question 38

adduction

Answer 38

movement of bne toward midline of body

Question 39

opposition

Answer 39

* movement of thumb ONLY at the carpometacarpal joint * thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the finger on the same hand

Question 40

dislocation

Answer 40

displacement of a bone from a joint * bones lose anatomical relationship

Question 41

luxation

Answer 41

loses position but doesn't lose anatmical relationship

Question 42

planar joints

Answer 42

* permit gliding movements * non axial * include intercarpal, intertarsal, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, sternocostal, vertebrocostal joints

Question 43

hinge joint

Answer 43

* contains convex surface of 1 bone fitting into a concave surface of another * movement is primarily flexion or extension in a single plane (monoaxial) * ex: elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal joints

Question 44

pivot joint

Answer 44

* round/pointed surface of 1 bone fits into ring of another bone and a ligament * movement is rotational and monoaxial * ex: atlas, palms, anterior/posterior

Question 45

condyloid joint

Answer 45

* oval shaped condyle of 1 bone fits into a elliptical cavity of another * movements are flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, circumduction * ex: joint btwn carpals and radiul

Question 46

saddle joint

Answer 46

* contains 1 bone whose articular surface is saddle-shaped and another that is shaped like a rider on a saddle * movements are flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, curcumduction * ex: thumb joint

Question 47

ball and socket joint

Answer 47

* ball shaped surface of 1 bone fits into cup depression of another * movements are flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, rotation, circumduction * ex: shoulder, hip joint

Question 48

shoulder joint

Answer 48

* ball and socket (humerus and glenoid cavity of scalpula) * movements include flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, medial-lateral rotation, circumduction of arm * more freedom of movement in exchange of stability

Question 49

common injuries to shoulder

Answer 49

* rotator cuff * dislocation * separation

Question 50

knee joints (3) movements

Answer 50

* largest, most complex joint of body * consists of 3 joints in synovial cavity: 1. patellofemeral 2. lateraltibiofemural 3. medialtibialfemoral * movements include flexion-extension, slight medial rotation, lateral rotation of leg in a flexed psition

Question 51

common injuries to knee

Answer 51

rupture of the tibial collateral ligament and dislocation

Question 52

rotator cuff muscles

Answer 52

* supraspinatus * infraspinatus * terrismajor * subscalpularis

Question 53

function of patella

Answer 53

* holds tendon of quad forward * increase effectiveness of quad in extending knee

Question 54

what would happen without a patella?

Answer 54

30% more effrt to extend knee

Question 55

ligaments in knee

Answer 55

* tibial collateral * fibular collateral * medial lateral meniscus * anterior/posterior cruciate

Question 56

rheumatism description

Answer 56

any painful state of the supporting structures of the body, bones, ligaments, joints, tendons, muscles

Question 57

rheumatoid arthritis description symptoms

Answer 57

* autoimmune disease in which the bodys immune system attacks its own cartilage and joint linings * results in swelling + loss of joint function

Question 58

osteoarthritis description what does it affect?

Answer 58

* degenerative joint disease * wear and tear arthritis * deterioration of articular cartilage and bone spur formation * noninflammatory * affects weight bearing joints: knees, ankles, hips, spine

Question 59

gouty arthritis description symptoms tx

Answer 59

* when sodium urate crystals are depposited in soft tissues of joints * causes inflammation, swelling, pain * bones will eventually fuse, rendering joints immobile * patients told to eliminate red meat (digested red meat-nucleic acids turn to urate)