1
Q
The function of a neuron is to transmit nerve impulses.
A
True
2
Q
Neuroglia support and protect neurons.
A
True
3
Q
Myelin is a white fatty substance that surrounds nerve fibers.
A
True
4
Q
Sneezing is an example of a reflex.
A
True
5
Q
The central sulcus divides the cerebrum into two hemispheres.
A
False
6
Q
The hypothalamus functions in the regulation of body temperature.
A
True
7
Q
The pons functions in body coordination, posture, and balance.
A
False
8
Q
The peripheral nervous system provides a communication network between the
central nervous system (CNS) and the body.
A
True
9
Q
Sensory nerves contain only efferent fibers.
A
False
10
Q
The body has 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
A
True
11
Q
An axon transmits impulses toward a neuron cell body.
A
False
12
Q
Gray matter is made up of myelinated fibers.
A
False
13
Q
A myelin sheath is formed around axons within the CNS by Schwann cells.
A
False
14
Q
Synapse is the name of the region of communication between two neurons.
A
True
15
Q
The CNS is made up of cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
A
False
16
Q
The cerebral cortex consists of gray matter.
A
True
17
Q
The spinal cord extends from the base of the skull to the fourth lumbar vertebra.
A
False
18
Q
The autonomic nervous system supplies motor impulses to visceral organs.
A
True
19
Q
Nerves that carry both sensory and motor fibers are known as mixed nerves.
A
True
20
Q
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for
fight or flight.
A
True
21
Q
What makes up the nervous system?
A
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia.
22
Q
Describe the following three general functions of the nervous system:
a. Sensory functions:
b. Integrative functions:
c. Motor functions:
A
a. Sensory functions: Information is gathered from stimuli and converted into nerve impulses.
b. Integrative functions: Decisions are made based on sensory input.
c. Motor functions: The nervous system responds to sensory input and integration.
23
Q
What is an effector? What are two types of effectors?
A
An effector causes an effect in response to directions from the nervous system. Types include
muscles and glands.
24
Q
What are two main subdivisions of the nervous system?
A
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
25
What is the function of the following subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system?
a. Afferent (sensory) division:
b. Efferent (motor) division:
a. Afferent (sensory) division: Transmits impulses from peripheral organs to the CNS.
b. Efferent (motor) division: Transmits impulses from the CNS to peripheral organs to cause an
effect or action.
26
What functions is performed by the following subdividions of the efferent (motor) division?
a. Somatic nervous system:
b. Autonomic nervous system:
a. Somatic nervous system: Supplies motor impulses to skeletal muscles.
b. Autonomic nervous system: Supplies motor impulses to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and
glandular epithelium.
27
What are the two subdivisions of the nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic.
28
What are the three basic parts of a neuron?
Cell body, one or more dendrites, a single axon.
29
What is the function of dendrite?
Transmits impulses to the cell body.
30
What is the function of an axon?
Carries impulses away from the cell body.
31
What is a myelin sheath?
White fatty substance that surrounds many nerve fibers.
32
What makes up the white matter in the central nervous system?
Myelinated nerve fibers.
33
What makes up the gray matter in the central nervous system?
Cell bodies and unmyelinated nerve fibers.
34
Describe the appearance of a node of Ranvier.
Short unmyelinated region between two segments of myelin in a myelinated nerve fiber.
35
What is the neurilemma, and what is its function?
The neurilemma consists of a layer of Schwann’s cells that surrounds a nerve fiber in the peripheral
nervous system. It produces myelin that encases axons in the peripheral nervous system and plays a
role in the regeneration of nerve fibers.
36
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
Oligodendrocytes are neuroglial cells that produce the myelin that surrounds axons in the CNS.
37
Why can’t nerve fibers in the central nervous system regenerate?
They do not have a neurilemma.
38
Describe the structure and function of the three types of neurons:
a. Afferent (sensory) neurons:
b. Efferent (motor) neurons:
c. Interneurons:
a. Afferent (sensory) neurons: Have long dendrites and short axons; carry impulses from peripheral
sense receptors to the CNS.
b. Efferent (motor) neurons: Have short dendrites and long axons; transmit impulses from the CNS
to effector organs, such as muscles and glands.
c. Interneurons: Have short dendrites and either a short or a long axon; form the connecting link
between afferent and efferent neurons.
39
What is the function of neuroglia?
Support, nourish, and protect neurons.
40
What is a resting membrane?
Cell membrane of a nonconducting neuron.
41
What happens to sodium ions when a neuron receives a stimulus?
They diffuse into the cell.
42
Describe how a nerve impulse is propagated along the length of a neuron through an action
potential.
A threshold stimulus causes a localized action potential on the membrane. The rest of the membrane
is in the resting condition. The action potential stimulates the next point. This continues point by point,
in domino fashion, along the entire length of the neuron, creating a propagated action potential, or
nerve impulse.
43
What is a synapse?
Region of communication between two neurons.
44
How is a nerve impulse transmitted across a synapse?
When a nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob, neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic
cleft and react with receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane.
45
What is a reflex?
An automatic, involuntary response to some change either inside or outside the body.
46
What are some examples of reflexes that take place in the body?
Coughing, sneezing, reactions to painful stimuli.
47
What makes up the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord.
48
What bones surround and protect the brain?
Cranium.
49
What three layers make up the meninges, starting with the outer layer?
Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.
50
What are the four parts of the human brain?
Cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum.
51
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
Provides a communication pathway between the cerebral hemispheres.
52
What five lobes make up the cerebral hemisphere?
Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, insula.
53
Where is the cerebral cortex located? What makes up the cerebral cortex?
The cerebral cortex is the outermost portion of the cerebrum and is made up of gray matter (neuron
cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers).
54
What functions are controlled by the cerebral cortex?
Memory, language, reasoning, intelligence, personality.
55
What is the function of the following structures making up the diencephalons?
a. Thalamus:
b. Hypothalamus:
c. Epithalamus:
a. Thalamus: Relay station for sensory impulses going to the cerebral cortex.
b. Hypothalamus: Regulates and integrates the autonomic nervous system, regulates emotional
responses and behavior, regulates body temperature, regulates food intake, regulates water
balance and thirst, regulates endocrine system activity.
c. Epithalamus: Pineal gland extends from posterior margin; involved in the onset of puberty and
regulates rhythmic cycles in the body.
56
What structures make up the brain stem?
Midbrain, pons, medulla.
57
List and explain the functions of the three control centers located in the medulla.
Control Center Function
a. CC: Cardiac center F: Adjusts heart rate and contraction strength
b. CC: Vasomotor center F: Regulates blood pressure
c. CC: Respiratory center F: Regulates the rate, rhythm, and depth of breathing
58
What is the function of the cerebellum?
59
What are ventricles?
Fluid-filled cavities in the brain.
60
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?
Provides support and protection for the CNS, helps nourish the CNS, maintains constant ionic
conditions for the brain and spinal cord, provides a pathway for removal of waste products.
61
What is the starting point and ending point of the spinal cord?
The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the level of the first lumbar vertebra.
62
How long is the spinal cord?
17 to 18 inches.
63
What surrounds the spinal cord?
Bone, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid.
64
How many pairs of spinal nerves are present in the human body?
31 pairs.
65
What are the functions of the spinal cord?
Serves as a conduction pathway for impulses going to and from the brain and as a center for spinal reflexes.
66
What is the difference between ascending tracts and descending tracts of the spinal cord?
Ascending tracts carry sensory impulses from body parts to the brain, and descending tracts carry motor impulses from the brain to muscles and glands.
67
What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
Nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord.
68
What is the makeup and function of the somatic nervous system?
Consists of nerves that go to the skin and muscles. It is involved in conscious (voluntary) activities.
69
What is the makeup and function of the autonomic nervous system?
Consists of nerves that connect the CNS to visceral organs. It mediates unconscious (involuntary) activities.
70
What type of nerve fibers make up each of the following?
a. Sensory nerves:
b. Motor nerves:
c. Mixed nerves:
a. Afferent fibers.
b. Efferent fibers.
c. Both afferent and efferent fibers.
71
What are the names of the 12 cranial nerves, and what is the function of each?
I. N: Olfactory F: Sense of smell
II. N: Optic F: Vision
III. N: Oculomotor F: Movement of eyes and eyelids
IV. N: Trochlear F: Movement of eyes
V. N: Trigeminal
a. Ophthalmic
b. Maxillary
c. Mandibular
F: Sensory fibers from cornea, skin of nose, forehead,
scalp
Sensory fibers from cheek, nose, upper lip, teeth
Motor fibers to muscles of mastication
VI. N: Abducens F: Eye movement
VII. N: Facial F: Sensory fibers from taste receptors on anterior two thirds of tongue
Motor fibers to muscles of facial expression, lacrimal glands, and salivary glands
VIII. N: Vestibulocochlear F: Hearing and equilibrium
IX. N: Glossopharyngeal F: Sensory fibers from taste receptors on posterior one third of tongue
Motor fibers to muscles used in swallowing and to salivary glands
X. N: Vagus F: Sensory fibers from pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and visceral organs
Somatic motor fibers to muscles of pharynx and larynx
Autonomic motor fibers to heart, smooth muscles, and glands to alter gastric motility, heart rate, respiration, blood pressure
XI. N: Accessory F: Contraction of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
XII. N: Hypoglossal F: Contraction of muscles of the tongue
72
What are some examples of body functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
Heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, body temperature.
73
What are the functions of the following two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
a. Sympathetic:
b. Parasympathetic:
a. Sympathetic: Prepares the body for stress (fight or flight), stimulates responses that are
necessary to meet an emergency, inhibits the visceral activities that can be delayed momentarily.
b. Parasympathetic: Brings the body’s systems back to the normal state after an emergency.
74
How is memory affected as the nervous system ages?
Short-term memory is generally affected more than long-term memory.
75
Functions of the nervous system
Sensory, integrative, and motor functions
76
Organization of the nervous system
The nervous system as a whole is divided into two subdivisions: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
77
Central Nervous System
The brain and spinal cord located in the dorsal body cavity are the organs of the CNS. These are vital to our well-being and are enclosed in bone for protection. The brain is surrounded by the cranium, and the spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae. The brain is continuous with the spinal cord at the foramen magnum in the occipital bone. In addition to bone, the CNS is surrounded by connective tissue membranes , called meninges, and by cerebral spinal fluid.
78
Peripheral Nervous System
The organs of the PNS are the nerves and ganglia . Nerves are bundles of nerve fibers, much as muscles are bundles of muscle fibers. Cranial nerves (12 pairs) and spinal nerves (31 pairs) extend from the CNA to peripheral organs, such as muscles and glands. Ganglia are collections, or small knots, of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS.
The PNS is further subdivided into an afferent (sensory) division and an efferent (motor) division. The afferent or sensory division transmits impulses from peripheral organs to the CNS. The efferent or motor division transmits impulses from the CNS out to the peripheral organs to cause an effect or action.
Finally, the efferent or motor division is again subdivided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
79
Neuron
Nerve cell. It is the "conducting" cell that transmits impulses and is the structural unit of the nervous system.
Nerve cells carry out the functions of the nervous system by conducting nerve impulses. Three basic parts of- Cell body (soma), one or dendrites, a single axon
80
Neuroglia or glial cell
The other type of cell is the neuroglia or glial cell. “Nerve glue”, these cells are nonconductive and provide a support system for the neurons.
81
Main part of the neuron
Cell body or soma
82
Dendrites and axons
are cytoplasmic extensions, or processes, that project from the cell body. They are sometimes referred to as fibers.
83
Somatic Nervous System
Somatomotor or somatic efferent nervous system, supplies motor impulses to the skeletal muscles. Because these nerves permit conscious control of the skeletal muscles, the somatic nervous system is sometimes called the voluntary nervous system.
84
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
also called the visceral efferent nervous system, supplies motor impulses to cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, and glandular epithelium. It is further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Because the ANS regulates involuntary or automatic functions, it is sometimes called the involuntary nervous system.
85
Myelin or myelinated sheath
Many axons are surrounded by a segmented white fatty substance called myelin or myelinated sheath. Myelinated fibers make up the white matter in the CNS, whereas cell bodies and unmylenated regions make up the gray matter.
86
Oligodendrocytes
In the CNS, produce myelin, but there is no neurilemma (play an important role in the regeneration of nerve fibers), which is why fibers within the CNS do not regenerate.
87
Afferent or sensory neurons
Transmits impulses from peripheral sense receptors to CNS. They usually have long dendrites and short axons.
88
Efferent (motor)
Transmits impulses from CNS to effectors, such as muscles and glands in periphery. Usually have short dendrites and long axons.
89
Synapse
The region of communication between two neurons.
90
Reflex
An automatic involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body. Important in maintaining homeostasis by making adjustments to heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Involved in coughing, sneezing, and reactions to painful stimuli. Everyone is familiar with the withdrawal reflex. When you step on a tack or toucha hot iron, you immediately, without conscious thought, withdraw the injured foot or hand from the source of the irritation.
91
Meninges
Three layers of meninges surround the brain and spinal cord.
92
MEDA 701 902
flashcards
Decks in class (22)
# Cards
-
Chapter 9: Nervous System92
-
Chapter 10: The Senses85
-
Chapter 20: The Physical Examination85
-
Med Term 47
-
NHA Module 4: Body Systems: Integumentary57
-
Chapter 21 Eye and Ear Assessment and Procedures42
-
Chapter 07: Skeletal System89
-
Module 4 - General Patient Care Part 130
-
Module 8 - Special Senses: Ears And Eyes3
-
Chapter 25: Minor Office Surgery90
-
Chapter 22: Physical Agents to Promote Tissue Healing65
-
NHA Module 2 - Anatomy & Physiology2
-
Chapter 33: Blood Chemistry Tests38
-
Chapter 32: Hematology0
-
Chapter 29: Introduction to the Clinical Laboratory26
-
Chapter 34: Medical Microbiology15
-
NHA Module 7 - Point of Care Testing and Laboratory Procedures79
-
NHA Module 11 - Body Systems: Blood And Immunity159
-
Chapter 12 : Circulatory System99
-
Chapter 31 : Phlebotomy103
-
Chapter 13 : Respiratory System60
-
Chapter 27 : Cardiopulmonary Procedures2
