What was the significance of Rosch’s (1975) experiment where participants were asked to rate items based on how good of an example of a category they were?
The participants had high agreement among their typicality ratings
What was the significance of Onishi et al.’s (2008) experiment where participants listened to and then repeated sentences that combined an atypical and a typical category?
Participants were more likely to reproduce a sentence with typical words
(object typicality influences language and memory)
What was the significance of Dopkins and Gleanson’s (1997) experiment where participants were tasked with categorizing rectangles into categories.
To test whether or not the prototype theory or exemplar theory was true.
Prototype: sort into category #2
Exemplar: sort into category #1
Results were that participants more often sorted them into category #1 - proving exemplar theory. Categorization is based on similarity to previously seen examples rather than a prototype.
What was the significance of Armstrong, Gleitman and Glietman’s (1983) study asking people to apply typicality ratings to rule based categories?
Participants still gave clearly defined categories typicality ratings
What was the significance of Murphy and Medin’s (1985) study? (banana and computer)
There are millions of ways that objects can be similar. Theories should explain why and which similarities are important.
What was the significance of Murphy and Allopena’s (1994) study where participants were given two sentences about a building to learn about?
Participants can learn about a sentence that makes sense faster than one that doesn’t. We rely on existing category knowledge to teach us about the world.
What was the significance of Bastian and Haslam’s (2006) experiment asking participants to complete questionnaires about essentialist beliefs?
Those with higher essentialist beliefs are more likely to endorse stereotypes.
What was the significance of Rosch’s Category Theory?
Individual items can belong to multiple levels of categories. (basic-level, subordinate, and superordinate)
What was the significance of Collins and Quillian’s (1969) model and Sentence Verification Task?
Knowledge is stored as concepts within individual units called nodes - hierarchy
SVT: Participants were given a sentence to rate as true or false - verified their model
What was the significance of Collins and Loftus’ (1975)/Meyer and Schvandveldt’s (1971) Model?
Spreading Activation Model:
No longer based on a hierarchy, rather its now based on semantic relatedness
What was the significance of Barlett’s (1932) Method of Repeated Reproduction?
What we remember is influenced by past experience and knowledge
What was the significance of Dijkstra and Post’s (2015) theory of embodied cognition?
Autobiographical mem retrieval can be impacted by matching the body position at the time of retrieval to the position at the time of encoding
What was the significance of Barsalou’s (2008) theory of embodied cognition?
Sensory experiences are used to understand abstract cognitive thought
What was the significance of Hauk, Johnsrude, and Pullvermuller (2004) theory of embodied cognition?
Similar brain activity for physical movement and movement related words
What was the significance of Zwann, Stanfield and Yaxley’s (2002) theory of embodied cognition?
Contradict a traditional symbolic cognitive explanation of semantic knowledge because if all knowledge of an item is stored together in a node/category, it shouldn’t matter what shape the egg is (cracked or whole).
Knowledge is context dependent.
What was the significance of Warrington?
Discovered semantic dementia - associated with ATL - progressively loose all semantic knowledge
What was the significance of Probic, Jeffries and Ralph’s (2010) experiment where TMS was applied to the ATL and IPL involved in visually guided hand movements.
Supports the idea that the ATL is a general semantic hub, when the IPL was stimulated, RTs were increased, but there was no effect on the individual’s abilities to name living things. Naming speed was only slowed for non-living things that could be manipulated with the hands. Supports the idea of modality specific spokes
Evidence that semantic knowledge is stored in both a localized and distributed way in our brains.
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Chapter One Vocab8
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Chapter Two Vocab38
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Chapter 2 - Studies7
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Chapter Three Vocab66
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Chapter 3 - Studies7
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Chapter Four Vocab69
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Chapter 4 - Studies12
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Chapter Five Vocab32
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Chapter 5 - Studies19
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Chapter Six Vocab23
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Chapter 6 - Studies14
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Chapter Seven Vocab29
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Chapter 7 - Studies13
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Chapter Eight Vocab24
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Chapter 8 - Studies16
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Chapter Nine Vocab28
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Chapter 9 - Studies17
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Chapter Ten Vocab30
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Chapter Eleven Vocab36
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Chapter Twelve Vocab24
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Chapter 12 - Studies12
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Chapter Thirteen Vocab40
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Chapter 13 - Studies19
