Cognitive Psychology > Chapter Nine > Flashcards

Chapter Nine Flashcards

Conceptual Knowledge (90 cards)

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1
Q

What does knowledge of the world impact

A

Perception, memory, etc

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2
Q

What is knowledge of the world built upon

A

Statistical regularities in one’s enviornment

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3
Q

Knowledge of the world is organized to provide what

A

Quick access to all currently relevant information

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4
Q

What is conceptual knowledge

A

Recongnizing objects and events, how to act, and what to expect, etc

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5
Q

What is conceptual knowledge made of

A

All of one’s concpets

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6
Q

What is the role of non-feature similarity

A

Physcial similarity does not help make inferences or predicitions

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7
Q

What is the hierarchical organization of categories

A

Superordinate (global), basic, and subordinate (specific)

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8
Q

What is superordinate (global) organization

A

Most distinctive and abstract organization

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9
Q

What is basic organization

A

General name for the main types of a global entry level and most often used in language

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10
Q

What is subordinate (specific) organization

A

Specific name for items in a category and contains concepts that are most similar in features

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11
Q

What are the different types of categories

A

Attribute/entity, thematic and taxonomic, relational, ad hoe, and abstrace

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12
Q

What falls under category type

A

Attribute/entity, thematic, taxonomic, relational/role, goal-derived/ad hoe

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13
Q

What is relevant similarity

A

Only physical features, physical and semantic, same time and place, play the same role, and help achieve some goal

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14
Q

What are concepts

A

Feature and non-feature information

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15
Q

What are categories

A

Items that share feature and non-feature information

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16
Q

What grants access to conceptual information

A

Recognizing a category member

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17
Q

What does Shepard’s law of generalization state

A

Distance in psychological space (not physical space) determines similarity

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18
Q

What is Shepard’s law

A

As psychological distance increases, psychological similarity decreases

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19
Q

Psychological similarity does what

A

Informs category judgments

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20
Q

What does categorical perception state about categorization

A

It changes one’s psychological space

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21
Q

What does categorical perception state about category membership

A

It alters psychological similarity

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22
Q

What is the classical definitional view categorization framework

A

Awarded category membership when exemplar meets the definition of the category

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23
Q

What are the pros of classical definitional view

A

Simple and efficient

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24
Q

What are the cons of classical definitional view

A

Impossible for definition to include all members and does not allow for variation or abstract thinking

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25
What is prototype categorization
Category membership determined by comparing the new item to the prototype of teh category
26
What is prototype
Shares the most features amongst category members
27
What does prototype include
Statistical average of all curernt category members, ideal category member, serves as a reference point, and can be an abstracted item
28
What is typicality
Degree to which a member resembles prototpye
29
What does typicality effect include
Exemplar production, endorsement, and sentence verification
30
What happens with exemplar production
More typical items are listed earlier
31
What happens with endorsement
Faster category membership verification for more typical items
32
What happens with sentence verification
Faster for more typical items
33
Category representation is what
A statistical average of exemplars
34
How is exemplar category membership determined
Comparing the new item to all known category members
35
In exemplar category membership instead of a prototype being used as a reference point what is used instead
All known exemplars serve as reference points
36
In exemplar category membership is representation based on abstracted summary
No
37
Exemplar category membership accounts for what
Typicality effects, expections, and highly variable categories
38
How does exemplar category membership account for typicality effects
More exemplars means more reference points which means more typical
39
What does hierarchical organization of categories not explain
How conceptual information is accessed via categories and how content across categories are related
40
What are nodes in the hierarchical semantic network model
Categories/concepts
41
What is an edge in the hierarchical semantic network model
Connection to properties and related category/concepts
42
Are nodes connected
Yes
43
All nodes/concepts are associated with what
Properties
44
What properties are all nodes/concepts associated with
Physical and non-physical information
45
What does it mean when something is hierarchical
Direction of the relationship exists
46
What is cognitive economy
Shared properties stored at once at higher node
47
Property exceptions are where
At lower nodes
48
Spreading activation explains what
Priming
49
Activation spreads to what
Connected concepts and properties
50
Is primed content more easily retrived from memory
Yes
51
What is lexicon decision task
Quickly indicate word/non-word
52
Retrieving item leads to what
Activation which leads to spreading activation to related concepts and properties
53
What is the case when things are strongly related
They are fewer units away meaning they are a shorter distance away leading to more activation and faster reaction time
54
What is the case when things are weakly related
They are many units away meaning they are a further distance away leading to less activation and slower reaction time
55
What does the semantic network model predict
Retrieval time (for concepts and related properties) equal distance traveled through network
56
What is the semantic network model supported by
Priming, lexical decision task, and sentence verification
57
What cons are there to the semantic network model
Cannot explain typicality effects and there is evidence against cognitive economy from sentence verification
58
Connectionist models are ____ inspired
Biologically
59
Connectionist models can simulate what
Human learning
60
Nodes in connectionist models =____
Soma
61
Lines/connections in connectionist models = ____
Axon
62
Inputs in connectionist models = ___________
Sensory receptors
63
What is hidden layer in connectionist models
Higher processing and/or topdown influence
64
What are outputs in connectionist models
Perception or action
65
Connectionist models are designed to represent what
Processing and concepts
66
Concepts have distributed what
Representation
67
Weights of connections in connectionist models determine what
What information is passed on
68
When connection weight in connectionist models change what occurs
Learning
69
What is error signal in connectionist models
Model is told output was incorrect
70
What is back propagation in connectionist models
Model looks backwards to determine what node(s) gave bad information and then decreases their weight(s)
71
Each node gets information from where in connectionist models
Other nodes
72
If the output in a connectionist model is correct what occurs
Weights between nodes will get stronger
73
If the output in a connectionist model is incorrect what occurs
Weights between nodes will get weaker
74
How are connectionist models before training
Inaccurate and unable to differentiate concepts
75
How do connectionist models learn how to distinguish concepts
Trained on mutiple concepts
76
What activation happens with semantic network model
Single node activation per concept
77
What activation happens with connectionest model
Distributed representation (concepts and properties represented by activation of different nodes)
78
Are connectionist models and human brains completely disrupted by damage
No
79
Connectionist models and human brains can generalize learning to what
New items
80
Similar concepts = similar ______
Patterns of activity
81
Embodied cognition approach includes what
Knowledge of concepts from activation of sensory and motor processes
82
Reading activation word ~ _____
Performing action
83
The embodied cognition approach predicts what
Motor representation necessary for cognition
84
In the semantic category approach specific neual circuits represent what
Different categories
85
In the semantic category approach what type of processing and representation is there
Localized processing and distributed representation
86
Sensory-functional hypothesis has what kind of impairment
Category specific impairment
87
Living is what in the sensory-functional hypothesis
Percieve sensory features
88
Artifacts is what in the sensory-functional hypothesis
Percieve funtional features
89
What does the mutiple factor approach say
More than looks and function distingish living and non-living
90
What does the mutiple factor approach have evidence for
In-between items
Cognitive Psychology
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