Chapter Ten

Question 1

What is mental imagery

Answer 1

The ability to recreate the sensory world in absence of physical stimuli

Question 2

Besdies visual, what is involved in mental imagery

Answer 2

Auditory, taste, olfaction (smell), and tactile (touch)

Question 3

What is the use of mental imagery

Answer 3

To navigate, plan, make decisions, and for memory

Question 4

What did Pavio use in 1963/1965

Answer 4

Paired-associate learning

Question 5

What is paired-associate learning

Answer 5

Encoding (study pairs of words)

Question 6

During Pavio’s experiment, was memory for concrete pairs or abstract pairs better

Answer 6

Concrete pairs

Question 7

What is the conceptual peg hypothesis

Answer 7

Concrete nouns create images that other words “hang onto”

Question 8

What did Wilhelm Wundt do in terms of early studies of imagery

Answer 8

Argued that thoughts occur with images

Question 9

What did Fancis Galton do in terms of early studies of imagery

Answer 9

Used the method of “introspection” (said people can still think even if they cannot form images)

Question 10

In Shepard and Meltzer’s Mental Chronometry study (1971) what did they test

Answer 10

Chroremetry

Question 11

What is chroremetry

Answer 11

Time measuing

Question 12

In Shepard and Meltzer’s Mental Chronometry study (1971) what did they determine

Answer 12

The amount of time to carry out various tasks

Question 13

In Shepard and Meltzer’s Mental Chronometry study (1971) what method did they use

Answer 13

Quantitative method

Question 14

What is Shepard and Metzler’s 1971 study of mental rotation

Answer 14

Study of visuo-spatial sketchpad and mental imagery

Question 15

In Shepard and Metzler’s 1971 study of mental rotation what happened with each pair

Answer 15

The complexity varied

Question 16

How did the completity of each pair vary in Shepard and Metzler’s 1971 study of mental rotation

Answer 16

The images rotated in different directions

Question 17

In Shepard and Metzler’s 1971 study of mental rotation what did they measure

Answer 17

Reaction time in same/different task (mental chronometry)

Question 18

In Shepard and Metzler’s 1971 study of mental rotation greater angle rotation in the object pair led to what

Answer 18

Longer reaction times for same/different judgment

Question 19

Shepard and Metzler’s 1971 study of mental rotation led to evidence of what

Answer 19

People are able to mentally rotate images as they would with real objects

Question 20

In Kosslyn’s mental scanning study (1978) what was found

Answer 20

A linear increase in reaction time as distance increased

Question 21

What does Kosslyn’s mental scanning (1978) study suggest

Answer 21

Mental imagery maintains the spatial information

Question 22

What were the findings of Kosslyn’s mental scanning study (1973)

Answer 22

Longer distance to mentally scan leads to slower (longer) reaction time and difference in reaction times seems to rely on encoding the spatial layout of image

Question 23

What did the findings of Kosslyn’s mental scanning study (1973) suggest

Answer 23

Visual imagery is spatial in nature

Question 24

What is Kosslyn’s view on mental imagery

Answer 24

Mental images are like quasi-pictures in the mind, imagery is like perceptual experience, and focused on similarites between mental imagery and perception

Question 25

What are the two hypotheses in the imagery debate

Answer 25

Spacial (depicitive) representation hypothesis (Kosslyn) and the propositional representation hypothesis (Pylyshyn)

Question 26

What is the spacial (depicitive) representation hypothesis

Answer 26

Mental imagery works like perception and can be represented by spatial information

Question 27

What is the propositional representation hypothesis

Answer 27

Core representation is not spatial depiction and mental imagery can be represented by abstract symbols, language, or semantic based representation

Question 28

Propositions are another type of what

Answer 28

Representation

Question 29

Propositions capture what

Answer 29

Structured knowledge about the world

Question 30

What knowledge about the world do propostions capture

Answer 30

Abstract, formal, symbolic, or language (words)

Question 31

What conceptual discriptive codes are used with propositions

Answer 31

Under and top

Question 32

What does reflection of tacit knowledge state

Answer 32

People are using knowledge of spatial relations unconsiously and not actually using visual images

Question 33

What are imagery neurons

Answer 33

Neurons that respond to seeing certain objects

Question 34

When else do imagery neurons fire besides seeing a certain object

Answer 34

When that object is imagined in the brain

Question 35

In LeBihan et al 1993 brain activity was compared using fMRI during what

Answer 35

Perception (actually looking at visual stimulus), imagery (mentally imagining the stimulus), and baseline (no visual stimulus no imagery)

Question 36

When is the visual cortex active

Answer 36

During visual perception and visual imagery

Question 37

What was important during brain imaging (PET) Kosslyn et al (1995)

Answer 37

Topographic organization of the visual cortex, size of the image, and seeing vs imagining different size of objects

Question 38

What are the category specific brain regions for places and faces in the brain

Answer 38

Face-fusiform area and paratippocampal place area

Question 39

What is TMS

Answer 39

Applying a magnetic feild to stimulate a brain area; thus temporarily changing (either disrupt or activate) the activity of neurons in the brain region

Question 40

During Kosslyn et al 1999 TMS study, the TMS to the visual cortex disrupted visual activity when ____

Answer 40

People are seeing visual stimuli and people are creating visual imagery

Question 41

During Kosslyn et al 1999 TMS study, when were people slower at answering questions

Answer 41

During both perception and imagery

Question 42

Patient RM (Imagery and perception) had damage where and was able/not able to do what

Answer 42

Damage in the occipital and parietal lobes, able to percieve/draw objects, but cannot draw object from memory

Question 43

Patient CK (Imagery and perception) had damage where and was able/not able to do what

Answer 43

Unknown area, able to draw objects from memory, has visual agnosia (cannot recognize objects)

Question 44

Can blind people perform mental rotation and mental scanning tasks

Answer 44

Yes

Question 45

How were blind people's performances in comparsion to normal controls

Answer 45

Similar

Question 46

How related are imagery and perception

Answer 46

Closely related

Question 47

Do imagery and perception share mechanisms

Answer 47

Yes, some but not all

Question 48

What are the differences between perception and imagery

Answer 48

Perception is stable while imagery is fragile and needs continued refreshing and it is also harder to manipulate mental images

Question 49

What is mnemonics

Answer 49

Device or technique to help memory

Question 50

What is mental walk task

Answer 50

A task used in imagery experiments in which participants are asked to form a mental image of an object and to imagine that they are walking toward that image

Question 51

What is pegword technique

Answer 51

A method for remembering things in which the things to be remembered are associated with concrete words