serial position curve
better recalling of items at the beginning and end of a list
primacy effect
- better recall of items at the beginning of a sequence
- occurs because there is more time to rehearse items at the start of a list
- greater rehearsal time = increases likelihood of transfer to LTM for later retrieval
recency effect
- better recall of items at the end of a sequence
- occurs because the items at the end of a list are still accessible from STM
coding
the representation of a stimulus or experience by neural firing
coding representation in the mind
- visual code: imagery
- auditory code: sound-based
- semantic code: meaning-based
decay
loss of information over time without rehearsal
interference
when other material interferes with what is already in memory
proactive interference
- old information interferes with learning new information
- can be released/reduced if new information is dissimilar from the old information
retroactive interference
new information interferes with old information
evidence for SEPERATE areas for LTM and STM
- patient HM had damage to the hippocampus (associated with LTM) but STM was still intact
- patient KF had damage to the parietal lobe (associated with STM) but LTM was still intact
evidence for OVERLAPPING areas for LTM and STM
- rangnath and d’esposito found brain activity in the hippocampus (associated with LTM) during short-term retention
evidence for seperate areas for episodic and semantic memory
- double dissociation in impaired episodic and semantic memory
INTERACTIONS between the episodic and semantic memory
- knowledge (semantic memory) influences our experiences (episodic memory)
- autobiographical memory: memories of life experience can be a combination of semantic and episodic memory
the remember/know procedure
- reveals two ways of remembering: familiarity and recollection
familiarity (remember/know procedure)
- remembering without details of how it relates to one’s past experience
- associated with semantic memory
recollection (remember/know procedure)
- remembering details of a past experience
- associated with episodic memory
semanticization of remote memories
loss of episodic details in memories making them more general / abstract
constructive episodic simulation hypothesis
- episodic memories are extracted and recombined to construct simulations of future events
- helps in identifying future needs and guides future behaviours
interaction between procedural memory and semantic memory
- patient lsj had intact procedural memory and semantic knowledge associated with how to do things
priming
presentation of a stimulus that impacts later responding
repetition priming
- the priming stimulus (initial stimulus) is the same as the test stimulus (stimulus that is presented after the priming stimulus)
- thought to involve implicit memory because one might not be aware of the priming stimulus
- “tab___ / table” experiment
examples of implicit memories
- propaganda effect
- classical conditioning
propaganda effect
- even when unaware of a prior encounter with a statement, the earlier exposure increases the likelihood that the statement is perceived as “true”
classical conditioning
- exhibiting a conditioned response without being aware of the conditioning that took place
