chapters 1 + 2

Question 1

Mesoamerican civilizations

Answer 1

Inca (Peru), Maya (Central America), & Aztec (Mexico)

Question 2

Mississippian culture

Answer 2

Built huge earthen mounds

Question 3

Pueblo peoples

Answer 3

Constructed irrigation systems & multi-story buildings

Question 4

Norse

Answer 4

First landed in Greenland, then Newfoundland

Question 5

Pizarro

Answer 5

Invaded the Inca Empire in 1532 & enslaved many to work in silver mines

Question 6

Cortes

Answer 6

Landed near Veracruz, Mexico & marched on Tenochtitlan. He was welcomed by Moctezuma in 1519 because it was believed that Cortes was Quetzacoatl, an Aztec god. Cortes held Montezuma hostage & demanded gold

Question 7

Moctezuma

Answer 7

Welcomed Cortes and was held hostage.

Question 8

Columbus

Answer 8

Columbus wanted to reach the Far East and find a lot of gold, he failed at both

Question 9

Juan de Onate

Answer 9

First gov. of New Mexico

Question 10

Elizabeth I

Answer 10

Became Queen of England in 1558. Rivalry with Spain then intensified b/c Protestant England clashed with Catholic Spain

Question 11

Francis Drake

Answer 11

(English buccaneer) seized Spanish treasure ships

Question 12

Sir Walter Raleigh

Answer 12

Sir Walter Raleigh’s Roanoke Colony was established by John White and 116 settlers in 1585 (he never visited the colony)

Question 13

John White

Answer 13

White left the Roanoke Colony for England to get supplies & wasn’t able to return until 1590. The colony vanished

Question 14

Philip II

Answer 14

Attacked England with his “Invincible Armada” (1588). The armada was defeated

Question 15

Lord De La Warr

Answer 15

Brought new settlers to VA & implemented a harsh military regime. His “Irish tactics” uncluded raiding Powhatan villages, confiscating provisions, & torching cornfields. This & other events led to the First Anglo-Powhatan War

Question 16

John Smith

Answer 16

Organized Jamestown, left the colony in 1609 due to a powder burn, explored New England & created a map, & was involved in capturing a number of Algonquian Indians who were sold into slavery

Question 17

John Rolfe

Answer 17

The first Anglo-Powhatan War ended when Pocahontas married John Rolfe after a year in English captivity. He introduced a new strain of tobacco to the colony

Question 18

Powhatan

Answer 18

Killed John Rolfe in 1622 when a series of attacks occured

Question 19

Opechancanough

Answer 19

Powhatan’s younger brother, led a massacre that resulted in the deaths of ~⅓ of the Jamestown settlers

Question 20

Pocahontas

Answer 20

Married John Rolfe after a year in English captivity

Question 21

James I

Answer 21

Hated tobacco, he revoked the charter of the VA Company in 1624, making VA a royal colony

Question 22

Charles II

Answer 22

Gave CT a sea-to-sea charter grant, gave RI a charter, took away Mass. Bay’s charter, established the Dominion of New England in 1686 (which included all of the New England, NY, & NJ)

Question 23

Lord Baltimore

Answer 23

Established Maryland

Question 24

Lords Proprietors

Answer 24

8 of King Charles II’s favorites

Question 25

James Oglethorpe

Answer 25

Founded Georgia with the vision of a haven for debtors, protection for the northern colonies, production of silk & wine, respect for Indigenous people, & no enslaved labor (only haven for debtors works out, the rest fails)

Question 26

Bering Land Bridge

Answer 26

The more probable way that the first people arrived to the Americas

Question 27

3-sister farming

Answer 27

Corn, beans, and squash planted together

Question 28

caravel

Answer 28

A boat developed by the Portuguese that could sail more closely into the wind

Question 29

Columbian exchange

Answer 29

The comingling of the ecosystems (the Old and New Worlds) New World → Old World: Gold & silver, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, beans, chocolate, syphilis Old World → New World: Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, horses, cows, pigs, all major diseases known at the time, enslaved people from Africa

Question 30

conquistador

Answer 30

A conqueror from Spain who came in service of God but was really looking for gold & glory

Question 31

Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 31

Pope Alexander VI drew a line on the map dividing New World lands between Spain & Portugal

Question 32

Encomienda system

Answer 32

State-sanctioned enslavement - it allowed the Spanish gov’t to enslave American Indians as long as they Christianize them

Question 33

mestizo/mestiza

Answer 33

A “new race” that originated from relationships between Spanish men & Indigenous women

Question 34

missions

Answer 34

Featured in hundreds of Spanish cities & towns, used to convert people to be Catholic

Question 35

Battle of Acoma

Answer 35

The Spanish proclaimed the province of New Mexico after the battle of Acoma (1599). Male survivors were enslaved & had their left foot severed. Women were sent away

Question 36

Pope’s Rebellion

Answer 36

Indigenous people rebelled, destroying every Catholic Church in NM, killing hundreds, & driving out settlers (also called Pueblo Revolt)

Question 37

buccaneers

Answer 37

Seized Spanish treasure ships

Question 38

Roanoke colony

Answer 38

Sir Walter Raleigh’s Roanoke Colony was established by John White and 116 settlers in 1585. White left for England to get supplies & wasn’t able to return until 1590. The colony vanished when he returned.

Question 39

Spanish Armada

Answer 39

King Philip II decided to attack England with his “Invincible Armada” (1588). The Armada was defeated. English fire ships & a storm took out about 50/130 Spanish ships. The English emerged as the major world power, unified under Elizabeth & filled with a sense of nationalism

Question 40

enclosure movement

Answer 40

The decision to turn cropland into sheep grazing pasture forced small farmers off the land or into tenancy

Question 41

primogeniture

Answer 41

Only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates

Question 42

joint-stock company

Answer 42

A group of investors who put up the capital needed (in return for shares in the company) to finance expensive expeditions to the New World. The goal was to make a quick profit (they weren’t in it for long-term settlement)

Question 43

charter

Answer 43

Recieved by companies from the monarch which granted then the same rights they would have enjoyed at home

Question 44

Virginia Company

Answer 44

Landed near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, (where they were attacked by Indigenous people), then traveled further up the James River

Question 45

Jamestown

Answer 45

It was a good site because it was easily defended, with deep-water frontage on a peninsula. Unfortunately, it also had brackish water and swamps, breeding malaria-carrying mosquitoes. Malaria, starvation, attacks by Indigenous people, and malnutrition killed the settlers. Only 60 survived “the starving time”

Question 46

“Irish tactics”

Answer 46

Included raiding Powhatan villages, confiscating provisions, & torching cornfields

Question 47

1st and 2nd Anglo-Powhatan Wars

Answer 47

The 1st Anglo-Powhatan War ended when Pocahontas married John Rolfe after a year in English captivity The Second Anglo-Powhatan War resulted in a 1646 treat that banished the Powhatan people from areas of white settlement

Question 48

Powhatan confederacy

Answer 48

Fell victim to disease, disorganization, and disposability (the English saw no economic benefit to keeping the people alive)

Question 49

VA House of Burgesses

Answer 49

The first representative government in the colonies

Question 50

Maryland Act of Toleration

Answer 50

Intended to allow Protestants and Catholics to live in harmony (Not covered: those who denied the divinity of Jesus - Jewish people & atheists)

Question 51

Barbados slave code

Answer 51

Imported to Carolina in 1696 (despite protest by L.P.s, who had a limited role in gov’t), denied fundamental rights to enslaved people and gave masters complete control over them

Question 52

Church of England (Anglican)

Answer 52

Became the dominant faith