What is matter?
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
What are the 3 states of matter, and what is it called when they turn into one another?
The 3 states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
Solid -> Liquid: Melting
Solid -> Gas: Sublimation
Liquid-> Solid: Freezing
Liquid-> Gas: Evaporation
Gas -> Solid: Deposition
Gas - > Liquid: Condensation
What is the difference between a pure substance and a mixture?
A pure substance is one thing, it doesn’t have to be one element but they have to have fused together to form one chemical. A mixture is multiple chemicals mixed together.
What is the difference between physical and chemical properties?
Chemical properties refer to it’s chemical composition and how it reacts with other chemicals, while physical properties refer to observable properties to the human eye.
What is a compound?
A compound is 2 or more elements chemically combined to form 1 substance.
What are the 4 kinds of mixtures?
The 4 kinds of mixtures are:
Mechanical mixture: Different substances are visible
Solution: Different substances are not visible
Suspension: Cloudy, tiny particles of one substance are held within another.
Colloid: Cloudy, but the tiny particles are so small they can’t be easily separated.
What are the billiard ball, raisin bun, planetary, and Bohr models, and who created them?
Dalton created the billiard ball model which states that atoms are the smallest particle and could not be divided.
Thomson created the raisin-bun model which states that atoms were composed of negatively charged electrons were embedded in a positively charged ball.
Rutherford created the planetary model, which stated that an atom consisted of electrons orbiting the nucleus.
Bohr created the Bohr model, which stated that an atom consisted of electrons orbiting the nucleus is specific ways.
What are subatomic particles, what are the 3 types of them, and what are their charges?
Subatomic particles are what makes up an atom, and the 3 types are protons, electrons, and neutrons.
Protons are positively charged
Neutrons have a neutral charge
Electrons are negatively charged
What is atomic number and atomic mass?
Atomic number is the number of protons or electrons in an atom, while atomic mass is the number of protons AND neutrons in the nucleus.
What is the formula for finding the number of neutrons?
The formula for finding the number of neutrons in an atom is:
Atomic mass - Atomic number = # of neutrons
What are isotopes?
Isotopes are elements that can have varying numbers of neutrons, and this causes their atomic number to slightly change.
What are metalloids?
Metalloids are elements bordering between metals and non-metals, taking some properties from both.
What are chemical families, and what are the 2 types of chemical families?
A chemical family is a group of elements on the periodic table that share a trait. The 2 kinds are periods which are rows, and groups which are columns.
Groups indicate how reactive a substance is, while periods indicate how heavy it is.
What are the 4 important groups on the periodic table, and where are they?
The 4 important groups on the periodic table are:
Alkali metals: Leftmost group, extremely reactive
Alkaline earth metals: Second leftmost group, very reactive
Noble gasses: Rightmost group, do not react.
Halogens: Second rightmost group, extremely reactive.
What is the law of definite composition?
The law of definite composition states that all compounds are 2 or more elements combined in a fixed proportion.
What is the difference between an ionic and a molecular compound?
An ionic compound is formed between a metal and a non-metal, and one transfers electrons to the other. A molecular compound is formed between 2 non-metallic elements, which are sharing electrons.
How do you identify names of compounds?
For ionic compounds, you write the name of the first element, then the second one, but change it’s ending to “Ide”.
For molecular compounds, you write the name of the first element, then the second one, but change it’s ending to “Ide” and add a prefix depending on how many of each element is in the compound. If the prefix would be for 1, you don’t need to write it if it’s the first element listed.
For both of these, write the name of the metals first.
When a compound or an element has a charge, how do you indicate it?
At a +X after it’s name.
What is the difference between a physical and chemical change?
A physical change can alter the state or appearance of matter, but it’s chemical composition stays the same, while a chemical change can alter it’s composition.
What are 5 common indicators that a chemical change has occurred?
6 Common indicators that a chemical change has occurred are:
-A new substance is formed
-The change is difficult to reverse
-Energy is released or absorbed
-Bubbles are released
-A precipitate forms
-The color changes
What is a precipitate?
A precipitate is a solid coming out of a liquid.
What are reactants and products in a chemical reaction?
Reactants are the substances being used to produce the product.
What is the law of conservation of mass?
The law of conservation of mass states that no mass can be lost or gained in a chemical reaction.
What are 4 ways to speed up a chemical reaction?
5 Ways to speed up a chemical reaction are:
-Increase temperature
-Increase pressure
-Increase surface area
-Increase concentration
-Add a catalyst
