what happens to human cells without choline
they die
TPN without choline indices symptoms:
how can this be resolved
Fatty liver damage…
resolved when Choline added
choline serves as a ________ donor
methyl group
choline can be synthesized from what AA?
methionine
choline is synthesized which three metabolic precursors:
- phosphatidylcholine
- acetyl choline
- betaine
what is the importance of betaine
- methyl donor
- transmethylation reactions
- single carbon metabolism
- needed to convert Hcy to Met
choline deficiency
signs:
- Fatty liver..phosphatidylcholine isn’t being synthesizd properly
- liver dysfunction
can choline be synthesized in our bodies?
yes
true or false? choline is not widely present in foods
false… it is widely present in foods
choline food sources
- all natural fats!
- occurs as phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin)
- common food ingredient
- food stabilizer/emulsifier
what are some rich sources of choline?
- egg yolk
- organ meats
- soybeans
- wheat germ
- peanuts
choline and cognitive function
- increase brain concentration of choline to stimulate synthesis of aceteylcholine
- more reasearch needed for alzheimers disease and choline… alzheimers is associated with deficit in acetycholine
choline and CVD
- Choline/betaine could lower plasma homocysteine
- phosphotidylcholine and plasma cholesterol
- impoartant role in reverse cholesterol transport
- LCAT
- cholesterol needs to be packaged before going to liver
Choline and CVD…what does LCAT stand for
lecithin cholesterols acyl transferase
choline and cancer
choline deficiency associated with increased liver cancer and increased sensitivity to liver carcinogens in rats…no human data
- decreased methylation of DNA because choline is a methyl donor
- relation to liver damage
