MACRONUTRIENTS
what are the 3 main macros?
do they provide energy?
CHO, PRO, FAT
they do provide energy
MICRONUTRIENTS
what are the 2 main micros?
do they provide energy?
vitamins, minerals
do no provide energy directly, but enable macros to provide us with energy
what is the word vitamin broken down into/ what is its meaning
vita=life
amine= N containing
*note, vitamins are not generally nitrogenous compounds
what 5 things give definition to the word vitamin
- organic compound
- -distinct from CHO fats and PRO
- -non caloric - natural component of food
- essential for normal physiological function
- specific deficiency syndrome
- not synthesized by the host in adequate amounts
how many vitamins exist
14
what are the B vitamins?
thiamin (B1) riboflavin (B2) niacin (B3) pyridoxine (B6) biotin folic acid cobalmin(B12)
what is beta carotene
- pro-vitamin A
- carotenoid (plant derived compound some of which have vit A activity)
- orange yellow colour
- non toxic, often used in multi-vit supplement
what are the two classes of vitamins
water soluble
fat soluble
what vitamins are water soluble
Vit B & C
what are characteristics of water soluble vitamins
- dissolve in water
- cannot be stored… daily supply needed
- move directly to blood; travel freely…dont need a special binding protein
- easily taken up and released by body tissues
- excess excreted in urine therefore never a problem
what vitamins are fat soluble
Vit A, D, E, K
what are characteristics of fat soluble vitamins
- do not dissolve in water
- dissolve in fat
- need dietary fat to be absorbed
- enter via lymph…need transport proteins
- can be stored (liver and body fat)
- excess intake is a concern
vitamins are organic…
they contain ______.
can be easily______.
must be handled with care during ______and ______.
which vitamin is destroyed from prolonged heating?
which vitamin is destroyed by UV light?
which vitamin is destroyed by oxygen?
they contain carbon.
can be easily destroyed.
storage and cooking
thiamin
riboflavin
Vit C
what are the general functions of vitamins
- coenzymes** foremost role
- -> B vitamins, Vit A, K, C
- hydrogen/electron acceptors/donors
- -> B vitamins, vitamin C,E,K
- hormones
- ->vit D
what does bioavailability mean?
the rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used
what are the two factors that bioavailability depends on
2 is complex… has many factors
- amount in food
- amount absorbed and utilized in body
what are some factors influencing the amount a nutrient is absorbed and utilized in the body (bioavailability)?
- source
- -> better to get iron from animals than plants
- health of GI tract
- nutrient-nutrient absorption
- similar structure vitamins competing for the same transporter
- individual metabolism
- cooked vs raw
are minerals organic or inorganic compounds?
inorganic
they are never converted to something else
what are two issues that occur with minerals
absorption
- bioavailability
- binds to other compounds
toxicity
how are minerals classified
according to the amount present in the human body…
macrominerals
-Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride
trace minerals (micro) -iron, zinc, copper, maganese, fluoride
ultra trace minerals (micro)
-selenium, molybdenum, chromium, boron, cobalt
are ultra trace mineral essential
no
what are phytochemicals
chemicals naturally occurring in plants, generally non-nutritive
