Chp 8

Question 1

What is encoding?

Answer 1

input of information into the memory system.

Question 2

what is automatic processing?

Answer 2

encoding of details like time space frequency and the meaning of words

Question 3

what is effortful processing?

Answer 3

remembering the actual material you studied. Which takes a lot of extra work, attention and time.

Question 4

what is semantic encoding?

Answer 4

The encoding of words and their meaning.

Question 5

what is visual encoding?

Answer 5

the encoding of images

Question 6

what is acoustic encoding?

Answer 6

the encoding of sound, words in particular.

Question 7

what is the self-reference effect?

Answer 7

the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to onself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance.

Question 8

What is storage?

Answer 8

the creation of a permanent record of information.

Question 9

What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

Answer 9

memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Question 10

What is sensory memory?

Answer 10

the first stage in the atkinson-shiffrin model where stimuli are processed. storage of brief sensory events like sights, sounds and tastes lie here.

Question 11

What is short-term memory (STM)?

Answer 11

The second stage of the atkinson-shiffrin model a temporary system that processess incoming sensory memory.

sometimes interchangeable for working memory.

Question 12

What is rehearsal?

Answer 12

this process moves information from the short term memory stage to the long term memory (3rd stage). During active rehearsal, you repeat the info to be remembered.

if material repeated enough it can move to LTM.

Question 13

What is Long-term memory (LTM)?

Answer 13

the continous storage of information. Unliek shrot-term memory, LTM storage capacity is beleived to be unlimited. Encompasses all things you can remember that happened just a few minutes ago.

Question 14

What are explicit memories?

Answer 14

those we consciously try to remember or recall and report.

Question 15

What is episodic memory?

Answer 15

information about events we have personally experienced.

Question 16

What is semantic memory?

Answer 16

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts.

Question 17

What are implicit memories?

Answer 17

are LTM that are not part of our consciouness.

Question 18

What is procedural memory?

Answer 18

is is often studied using observable behaviors. Info about the way you do something, and it is the memory for skilled actions.

Question 19

What is retrieval?

Answer 19

the act of getting info out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as retrieval. It is vital to our everyday functioning.

Question 20

What is recall?

Answer 20

is what e most often think about when we talk about memory retrieval: it means you can access information without cues.

1st form of retrieval

Question 21

What is recognition?

Answer 21

happens when you identify info that you have previously learned after encountering it again. It involves a process of comparison.

2nd form of retrieval

Question 22

What is relearning?

3rd form of retrieval

Answer 22

it involves learning info that you previously learned.

Question 23

What is an engram?

KARL LASHLEY

Answer 23

the group of neurons that seve as the physical representiation of memory

Question 24

What is a equipopotentiality hypothesis?

Answer 24

if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged , another part of the same area can take over the memory of that function.

based on creation of lesions and animal reactions

Question 25

What is the role of the amygdala in memory formation?

Answer 25

to regulate emotions such as fear and aggression. Storage of emmory is influenced by stress hormones. It facilitates encoding memories at a deeper level when the event is emotionally arousing.

Question 26

What is the role of the hippocampus for memory?

Answer 26

involved in specifically normal recognition memory as well as spatial memory. Also to project info to cortical regions that give memories meaning and conect them with other memories. Finally memory consolidation.

Question 27

What is the role of the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex in memory.

Answer 27

Cerebellum stores conditioned responses. Recall involves the prefrontal cortex in semantic tasks.

Question 28

What is the role of neurotransmitters in memory?

Answer 28

Specific neurotransmitters involved with the process of memory: epinephrine. dopamine, serotonin, glutamate and acetylcholine. Communication amongst these is critical for developing new memories. Also more synaptic connections.

Question 29

What is arousal theory?

Answer 29

strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories.

Question 30

What is a flashbulb memory?

Answer 30

an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

Question 31

What is amnesia?

Answer 31

the loss of long term memory that occurs as the result of a disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma.

Question 32

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 32

you cannot remember new information but you can remember events and information that happened prior to your injury.

Question 33

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 33

the loss of memory for events that occured prior to the trauma. People with retrograde amnesia cannot remember some or even all of their past.

Question 34

What is construction?

Answer 34

the formulation of new memories.

Question 35

What is reconstruction?

Answer 35

the process of bringing up old memories.

Question 36

What is suggestibility?

Answer 36

describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to creation of false memories.

Question 37

What is misinformation effect paradigm?

Answer 37

which holds that after exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event.

Question 38

what is false memory syndrome?

Answer 38

recall of false autobiographical memories.

Question 39

what is forgetting?

Answer 39

refers to loss of information from long-term memory.

Question 40

What is transience?

Answer 40

memories fading over time.

Question 41

what is absentmindedness?

Answer 41

a memory error which describes lapses in memory caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else.

Question 42

what is blocking?

Answer 42

a memory error where you have the information right on the tip of your tongue: you can't access stored information.

Question 43

What is misattribution?

Answer 43

happens when you confuse the source of your information.

Question 44

What is persistence?

Answer 44

a memory error where you keep remembering something to the point where you can't get it out of your head and it interferes with your ability to concentrate on other things.

Question 45

What is proactive interference?

Answer 45

when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information.

Question 46

what is retroactive interference?

Answer 46

happens when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information.

Question 47

What are memory-enhacing strategies?

Answer 47

Everyday ways we can improve our memory including recall.

Question 48

What is chunking?

Answer 48

you organize information into manageable bits or chunks. Useful for info like dates and phone numbers.

Question 49

What is elaborate rehearsal?

Answer 49

a technique in which you think about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already sotred in memory. Involves linking the information to knowledge already stored and repeating the information.

Question 50

What are mmnemonic devices?

Answer 50

memory aids that help us organize information for encoding. Useful for larger bits of info such as steps, stages, phases, and parts of a system.