Phrenology
- fanz gall
- distances between bumps on the skull reveal their personality traits
Wilhelm Wundts two major axes
- emotional/non emotional: separated strong emotions from the weak emotions
- changeable/unchangeable: separated strong emotions from the weak emotions
Psychodynamic perspective
- Sigmund freud
- unconscious drives are influenced by sex, aggression
- childhood sexuality influenced personality
Neo-freudians
were like Freud but thought it was less sexual
Freudian slip
the slips of tongue are sexual/aggressive urges accidentally slipping out of our unconscious
Id vs. Superego vs. Ego
- ID contains primitive urges like hunger, and sex
- Superego is learning social rules, and learning morality
-Ego in-between id and superego
Defense mechanisms
repression, denial, reaction formation, rationalization, projection, sublimation, regression, displacement
Reaction formation
acting the opposite of how you say you feel
sublimation
substituting an acceptable behavior for an unacceptable desire
displacement
taking our feelings out on someone else
stages of psychosexual development (4)
anal, phallic, latency, genital
individual psychology
focuses on our drive to compensate for feeling of inferiority
psychosocial development
- personality develops throughout the lifespan
- based on social relationships
analytical psychology
focused on working to balance conscious and unconscious though
collective unconscious
universal version of personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces
behavioral perspective
learning approaches to personality focus on observable, measurable phenomena
social-cognitive theory
emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual difference in personality
reciprocal determinism
cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact
self-efficacy
level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through social experiences
locus of control
beliefs about the power we have over our lives, affects learning and personality development
delayed gratification
the ability to resist the temptation for an immediate reward and wait for a later reward
humanistic approaches
focuses on how healthy people develop
biological approaches
perspective that differences in our personalities can be explained by inherited predispositions and physiological processes
Cardinal traits vs. central traits vs. secondary traits
-cardinal traits dominate entire personality
- central traits make up our personality
- secondary traits are less obvious or consistent
