what is regeneration
redeveloping former industrial areas or outdated housing to bring about economic and social change
What is rebranding
Ways in which a place is deliberately reinvented for economic reasons and then marketed using its new identity to attract new investors
what is the spiral of decline?
when an area gets worse over time, starting with job losses. This leads to less money, fewer people, and poorer services, making the area decline even more.
what is cumulative causation?
A process triggered by new industry which attracts employees and supporting companies such as those involved with supplies, infrastructure and leisure.
what does the Clarke Fischer model show
the percentage of people in different sectors of employment over time
What does Spearmans Rank show?
The correlation between two variables (if there is one)
What is an administrative function of a place
Places that make decisions about how to organise infrastructure and economic activity for the surrounding areas
What is a commercial function of a place?
A location with strong business influence i.e TNC’s may be based here
What is a retail function of a place
An urban area with attractive retail facilities
What is an industrial function of a place?
A location whose economy and reputation is predominantly based on its industrial capacity
What is the northern powerhouse?
The governments vision for a super connected, globally competitive northern economy with a flourishing private sector, a highly skilled population + world renound civic and business leadership
What is deregulation
the reduction in rules which means that any foreign business can set up in the UK
positives for Cumulative Causation?
good places get better, a positive/upwards spiral, desirability attracts inward migration and investment
What are some negatives of cumulative causation? And what is cumulative causation?
a self-reinforcing process where success attracts more success, leading to a spiral of growth and potentially widening inequalities between regions
Could lead to a two tier economy, Could be a skills shortage, This growth occurs at the expense of another place
What is the rust-belt
The decline in metal manufacturing
What are the key reasons for the decline of the rust belt?
Overseas companies produce cheaper coal and steel.
Mining companies have started to use more machines to cut costs
Lower wage costs in the South-Eastern USA have led to the relocation of the steel and car industries.
What is a case study to help talk about the decline of the rust belt?
Beattyville - in coal country
Its median average income was $12,000 compared to the national average of $54,000
How did globalisation affect manufacturing?
Manufactured goods were being produced cheaply overseas and this affected manufacturing in London
what percentage of the UK population had professional or managerial jobs in 1951 compared to 2011
1951- 18%
2011 - 31%
what are the 5 theories of what sparked Britains worst riots?
- social and economic inequality
- high rates of youth unemployment
- rank opportunism
- a weak police response
- racial profiling
What is a sink estate?
A British term used for a council housing estate with high levels of social problems, particularly crime
what are the 5 factors that affect a sense of attachment to a place?
Age, ethnicity, gender, length of residence, length of deprivation
levels of engagement may be measured in 2 ways?
local + national election turnout
Development + support for local community groups i.e food markets or allotments
Aims of HS2 infrastructure investment
aims - improve economy by improving connectivity, attract inward investment + job creation
have to move, communities will not benifit.
