Gibson - tectonics

Question 2

5 key points about tectonic hazard situation

Answer 2

Concentrated along tectonic plate boundaries
* Ring of fire
* Types of hazard vary by the boundary
* Intraplate hazards
* Tsunamis

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Question 3

What is Tomography?

Answer 3

CAT scans of the lithosphere

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Question 4

What is the new theory of slab pull?

Answer 4

The plates are pulled down through gravitational sliding

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Question 5

What was the old theory of slab pull?

Answer 5

The heat generated from convection isn’t enough to pull the plates

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Question 6

What is ridge push?

Answer 6

Newly formed oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges becomes denser and thicker as it cools. This causes it to sink under its own weight, pulling the rest of the plate down with it

None

Question 7

What is a rift valley and what plate boundary is it formed at?

Answer 7

Where plates move apart on continents; the crust stretches and breaks to form faults, formed at a divergent plate boundary

None

Question 8

3 types of destructive/convergent boundary

Answer 8

Oceanic plate subducts under continental plate
* One oceanic plate subducts under another
* Two continental plates meet forming high fold mountains

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Question 9

What forms at collision boundaries?

Answer 9

Fold mountains

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Question 10

What can form at conservative plate boundaries?

Answer 10

Faults

None

Question 11

2 examples of intraplate earthquakes

Answer 11

Rhine Rift Valley
* African Rift Valley

None

Question 12

How are volcanic hotspots formed?

Answer 12

Magma upwells from the core and forms volcanic hotspots like Yellowstone

None

Question 13

What is a mantle plume?

Answer 13

A stationary upwelling of abnormally hot rock within Earth’s mantle

None

Question 14

What is a hotspot?

Answer 14

The place where the plume melts the mantle, e.g., Hawaii

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Question 15

The Yellowstone Caldera chain

Answer 15

A chain of rhyolitic calderas caused by the N. American plate moving over a stationary hotspot

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Question 16

What is a caldera?

Answer 16

A large depression formed when a volcano erupts and collapses

None

Question 17

4 secondary impacts of an earthquake

Answer 17

Tsunamis
* Fires
* Aftershocks
* Landslides

None

Question 18

What is paleomagnetism?

Answer 18

Record of Earth’s magnetic field in rocks

None

Question 19

What is sea floor spreading?

Answer 19

Plates split apart, new ocean floor is created

None

Question 20

4 types of seismic wave

Answer 20

S waves (solids)
* Love waves (surface)
* Rayleigh waves (surface)
* P waves (solids/liquids)

None

Question 21

What is subduction?

Answer 21

Downward motion of one plate into the mantle beneath another

None

Question 22

What is a locked fault?

Answer 22

A fault that isn’t slipping due to high friction

None

Question 23

Who spotted plates fit together?

Answer 23

Abraham Ortelius

None

Question 24

Who identified 2 mantle layers?

Answer 24

Dan Mackenzie

None

Question 25

Who theorized continental drift?

Answer 25

Alfred Wegener ## Footnote None

Question 26

Properties of Hawaiian eruptions

Answer 26

Fluid lava flows from summit and fissures, forms shield volcanoes ## Footnote None

Question 27

Properties of Strombolian eruptions

Answer 27

Moderate bursts of gas eject lava in cycles ## Footnote None

Question 28

Properties of Vulcanian eruptions

Answer 28

Moderate explosions with ash clouds ## Footnote None

Question 29

Properties of Pelean eruptions

Answer 29

Intensely violent, e.g., Mount Vesuvius 79 AD ## Footnote None

Question 30

Properties of Plinian eruptions

Answer 30

Pyroclastic flow at high velocity ## Footnote None

Question 31

Properties of Icelandic eruptions

Answer 31

Effusions of basaltic lava ## Footnote Effusions - an instance of giving off something such as a liquid or gas.

Question 32

What makes magma more viscous?

Answer 32

Crystals ## Footnote None

Question 33

What index compares volcanic eruption size?

Answer 33

VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index) ## Footnote None

Question 34

VEI assessment factors

Answer 34

Volume * Height * Duration * Qualitative description ## Footnote None

Question 35

Plate tectonics

Answer 35

Theory explaining movement of lithospheric plates ## Footnote None

Question 36

What is a subduction zone?

Answer 36

Convergent boundary where oceanic plate subducts ## Footnote None

Question 37

What is a Benioff Zone?

Answer 37

Seismic zone where subducted plate generates earthquakes ## Footnote None

Question 38

Magnitude

Answer 38

Energy released by earthquake, often via Moment Magnitude Scale ## Footnote None

Question 39

What is liquefaction?

Answer 39

Saturated soils behave like liquid during quake ## Footnote None

Question 40

What is the Disaster Risk Equation?

Answer 40

Risk = Hazard × Vulnerability ÷ Capacity to Cope ## Footnote None

Question 41

What is a lahar?

Answer 41

Rain + ash = torrent of ashy water ## Footnote None

Question 42

What is a jökulhlaup?

Answer 42

Glacial flood due to volcanic melting ## Footnote None

Question 43

What is tephra?

Answer 43

Volcanic debris blasted into air ## Footnote None

Question 44

Four primary volcanic hazards

Answer 44

Lava flows * Pyroclastic flows * Ash fall * Gas eruption ## Footnote None

Question 45

Hazards of Montserrat 1995

Answer 45

Ash clouds * Pyroclastic flows ## Footnote None

Question 46

Impacts of Montserrat 1995

Answer 46

Social: deaths, migration * Environmental: ash damage * Economic: unemployment, youth outmigration ## Footnote None

Question 47

Hazards of Eyjafjallajökull 2010

Answer 47

Subglacial eruption * High lava plume ## Footnote None

Question 48

Impacts of Eyjafjallajökull 2010

Answer 48

Social: evacuations, flight disruptions * Environmental: road damage * Economic: $5B loss ## Footnote None

Question 49

Why do tsunami waves grow in shallow water?

Answer 49

Friction slows wave, reduces wavelength, increases height ## Footnote None

Question 50

How do tsunamis form?

Answer 50

Displacement of water column, usually by earthquakes ## Footnote None

Question 51

Cause of Japan tsunami

Answer 51

Earthquake from locked Pacific and Asian plates ## Footnote None

Question 52

Impacts of Japan tsunami

Answer 52

15,000+ deaths * Fukushima nuclear disaster ## Footnote None

Question 53

Japan tsunami management

Answer 53

Warnings * Search/rescue * Rebuilding ## Footnote None

Question 54

Secondary impacts of Boxing Day tsunami

Answer 54

Cholera * Destroyed farms * Homelessness * Buildings lost ## Footnote None

Question 55

Death tolls: Boxing Day vs Japan tsunami

Answer 55

Boxing Day: 227,898 * Japan: 18,500–20,000 ## Footnote None

Question 56

Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient

Answer 56

Measures strength/direction between two data sets ## Footnote None

Question 57

What is a natural hazard?

Answer 57

Natural event/process with potential to harm people ## Footnote None

Question 58

What is a natural disaster?

Answer 58

Natural hazard causing significant social/economic/environmental damage ## Footnote None

Question 59

What is a mega-disaster?

Answer 59

Catastrophic natural disaster ## Footnote None

Question 60

What is vulnerability (in hazards)?

Answer 60

Potential to be harmed by hazards ## Footnote None

Question 61

What is resilience (in hazards)?

Answer 61

Ability to recover and protect from natural hazard impacts ## Footnote None