Classification and evolution

Question 1

What is classification?

Answer 1

putting organisms into grups by their similarities and differences

Question 2

What is the order of the taxonomic groups?

Answer 2

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

Question 3

What are the three domains?

Answer 3

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

Question 4

What is a species?

Answer 4

a group of organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring

Question 5

What is the format of binomial nomenclature?

Answer 5

• Genus capital first letter
• Species lowercase
• All should be in italics or underlined

Question 6

Why binomial nomenclature is used in all the world?

Answer 6

it is the same internationally
It shows the informations of relationships between organism

Question 7

What are the five kingdoms?

Answer 7

Prokaryotae
Protoctista
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi

Question 8

What are some general features of prokaryotae?

Answer 8

• Unicellular
• No nucleus or other membrane-bounded organelles
• ‘Naked’ DNA in the cytoplasm
• Small ribosomes

Question 9

What are some general features of protoctista?

Answer 9

• Unicellular
• A nucleus and other membrane bounded organelles
• some have chloroplast
• Can be autotrophic and heterotrophic

Question 10

What are some general features of fungi?

Answer 10

• Unicellular or multicellular
• A nucleus and other membrane bounded organelles, chitin cell wall
• no chloroplast
• saprophytic - feed on dead organism
• Glycogen store

Question 11

What are some general features of plantae?

Answer 11

• multicellular
• A nucleus and other membrane bounded organelles, cellulose cell wall
• some have chloroplast
• Autotrophic - make their own food
• Store food as starch

Question 12

What are some general features of animalia?

Answer 12

• multicellular
• A nucleus and other membrane bounded organelles
• Heterotrophic
• Store food as glycogen

Question 13

What are four ways to classify organisms?

Answer 13

Behavioural
Anatomical
Embryological
Molecular

Question 14

What are the evidence of evolution?

Answer 14

• Fossils – looking at the remains of extinct organisms and comparing to those alive today. Dating the rocks can give a timeline to the changes seen.
• Molecular biology – looking at the similarities and differences between DNA sequences in different organisms
• Comparative anatomy – comparing the anatomy of different organisms by looking at homologous structures

Question 15

What is the difference between intra and interspecies variation?

Answer 15

Intra - within species
Inter - between different species

Question 16

What are some genetic causes of variation?

Answer 16

• Alleles
• Random mutation
• Meiosis (Crossing over and independent assortment)
• Sexual reproduction

Question 17

What are two general causes of variation?

Answer 17

Genetics and environmental

Question 18

What is standard deviation?

Answer 18

a measure of how spread out the data is around the mean

Question 19

What is the t-test?

Answer 19

compare the mean values of two set of data (significant diference)

Question 20

What is the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficiant?

Answer 20

compare two set of value to see of there is a correlation

Question 21

What are the three adaptation?

Answer 21

Physiological
Behavioural
Anatomical

Question 22

What are some examples of anatomical adaptations?

Answer 22

Body covering
Camouflage
Teeth
Mimicry

Question 23

What are some examples of behaivour adaptations?

Answer 23

Survival adaptation
Courtship
Seasonal behaviour - Immagration

Question 24

What are some examples of physiological adaptation?

Answer 24

Poison production
Antibodies production
Water holding

Question 25

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 25

Unrelated species begin to share similar characteristics This is because they adapt to the similar environments or other selective pressure

Question 26

What is the process of natural selection?

Answer 26

* There’s a variety of phenotypes within a population * An environmental change occurs and as a result of that the selection pressure changes * Some individuals possess advantageous alleles which give them a selective advantage and allow them to survive and reproduce * The advantageous alleles are passed on to their offspring * Over time (and many generations), the frequency of alleles in a population changes and this leads to evolution

Question 27

Why do scientists classify organisms?

Answer 27

* To identify species * To predict characteristics * To find evolutionary links

Question 28

What is taxonomy?

Answer 28

Study of classification

Question 29

What is the nomenclature used for classification called?

Answer 29

Binomial system

Question 30

What is evolution?

Answer 30

Gradual change in organisms over time

Question 31

What is phylogeny?

Answer 31

The study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms

Question 32

What does it means when two species diverged very recently?

Answer 32

They are closely related

Question 33

How does molecular evidence involve in classification?

Answer 33

analysing similarities in protiens and DNA More closely related organisms will have more similar molecules can also compare the sequence of amino acids in protein - e.g. cytochrome C

Question 34

Why does the classification of organisms change in modern time?

Answer 34

* New technologies to analyse DNA * Better microscope to observe anatomy * New discoveries being made * Scientist can share their new discoveries in meetings and scientific journal (peer review)

Question 35

What are the evidences to suggest archaea and bacteria are different?

Answer 35

* Molecular evidence: RNA polymerase is different * Cellular evidence: The bonds of the lipids in the cell membranes of Bacteria and Archaea are different

Question 36

What is continuous variable?

Answer 36

Cannot be catagorised Can be any value within a range

Question 37

What is discontinuous variable?

Answer 37

* There are two or more distinct catagories * Each individual falls into only one of thes catagories * No intermediate

Question 38

What are two factors that affect variation?

Answer 38

* Genetic * Environmental * or both

Question 39

What are the evidences that support evolution?

Answer 39

* Fossil record evidence * Molecular Evidence - DNA * Molecular evidence - Proteins and other molecules

Question 40

How does fossil record evidence support evolution?

Answer 40

By arranging fossils in chronological order, gradual changes in organisms can be observed that provide evidence of evolution

Question 41

How does DNA support evolution?

Answer 41

* The theory of evolution suggests all organism have evolved from shared common ancestors * Organisms that diverged away from each other more recently should have more similar DNA, as less time has passed for changes in the DNA sequence to occur