CLINICAL SCIENCES

Question 1

Most common type of renal stone?

Answer 1

Calcium oxalate 85%

Question 2

Family history of soft tissue cancer + breast cancer + neuroblastoma = ?

Answer 2

Li-Fraumeni syndrome (p53 mutation)

Question 3

What does C3 deficiency cause?

Answer 3

Recurrent infections, especially severe pyogenes infections

Question 4

What shows bias is comparative studies?

Answer 4

Funnel plot

Question 5

Number needed to treat (NTT)=

Answer 5

1/Absolute Risk Reduction

Question 6

Which cells produce pulmonary surfactant?

Answer 6

Pneumocytes type 2

Question 7

What HLA is coeliac disease associated with?

Answer 7

HLA DQ2

Question 8

Most common chromosomal defect in Down’s syndrome?

Answer 8

Nondisjunction

Question 9

Night sweats + lymphadenopathy + large binucleate cells on biopsy =

Answer 9

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Question 10

Reed-Sternberg cells express which cell markers?

Answer 10

CD 15 AND CD30

Question 11

What causes Pellagra?

Answer 11

Vitamin B3 deficiency (NIACIN)

Question 12

Features of pellagra?

Answer 12

The 3 Ds:
- Dementia
- Dermatitis
- Diarrhea

Question 13

Most common heart defect in Turner’s syndrome?

Answer 13

Bicuspid aorta

Question 14

Short stature + primary amenorrhoea = ?

Answer 14

Turner’s syndrome

Question 15

Which cells produce interferon gamma?

Answer 15

Natural killer cells andT helper cells

Question 16

Which cells produce interferon alpha ?

Answer 16

Leucocytes

Question 17

Which cells produce interferon beta?

Answer 17

Fibroblasts

Question 18

What statistical tool to use when analysing survival over time?

Answer 18

Hazard ratio

Question 19

What is a genetic mutation that results in formation of srop codon called?

Answer 19

Nonsense mutation

Question 20

Which cell is involved in hyper acute graft rejection?

Answer 20

B cells

Question 21

Cells involved in acute and chronic graft rejection?

Answer 21

Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

Question 22

What is the power of a study?

Answer 22

1 - the probability of a type II error

Question 23

What is Cushing reflex in brain injury?

Answer 23

Bradycardia+ hypertension + wide pulse pressure

Question 24

Fabry’s disease mode of inheritance?

Answer 24

X-linked recessive

Question 25

Fabry's diseaee features?

Answer 25

F: fever A: angiokeratomas)alphagalactosidase deficiency B: R: renal impairment Y: YX- X-linked recessive S: stroke and cardiovascular disease

Question 27

Fastest conduction velocity in the heart?

Answer 27

Ventricular conduction by Purkinje fibers (2-4m/s) Then atrial conduction 1m/s Then AV node 0.05m/s

Question 29

What receptors does insulin bind to?

Answer 29

Tyrosine kinase receptors (other factors that bind to tyrosine kinase are insulin-like growth factor and epidermal growth factor)

Question 30

Central chemoreceptors are sensible to what?

Answer 30

Raised H+

Question 31

Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to what changes?

Answer 31

Raised pCO2 and H+ raise pO2 to a lesser extent

Question 32

What is the physiopathology of Homocystinuria?

Answer 32

Deficiency in cystathionine beta synthase which results in severe elevations in plasma and urine homocysteine concentrations (autosomal recessive)

Question 33

Atrial natriuretic pepride is an example of what type of receptor?

Answer 33

Guanyle cyclase receptor

Question 34

Which oncogene is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma?

Answer 34

C-MYC

Question 35

What oncogene is associated with neuroblastoma in children?

Answer 35

n-MYC

Question 36

What oncogene is associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia II and III and medullary thyroid carcinoma?

Answer 36

RET

Question 37

Which type of secondary messenger system does nitric oxide stimulate?

Answer 37

Cyclic GMP