VMCB 122 > Clostridium > Flashcards

Clostridium Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What is the gram test reaction of Clostridium?

A

Gram positive

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2
Q

What is the shape and formation of Clostridium spp.

A

Rods and single

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3
Q

What is/are the characteristics trait of Clostridium?

A

Formation of endospores that bulge the mother cells

Motility due to peritrichous flagella

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4
Q

What are some Clostridium species present in the soil or alimentary tract?

A

C. perfringens

C. tetani

C. chauvoei

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5
Q

Clostridium are classified as what?
(Oxygen, catalase, oxidase)

A

Anaerobic, catalase and oxidase negative

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6
Q

Which Clostridium species is non-motile?

A

C. perfringens

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7
Q

What medium is needed for Clostridium to grow?

A

Enriched media

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8
Q

What are Clostridium famous for?

A

Toxin production (the pathogenic species produce potent exotoxins)

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9
Q

What are the four groups of pathogenic Clostridium?

A

Neurotoxic clostridia (C. tetani and C. botulinum)

Histotoxic clostridia (C. chauvoei and C. septicum)

Enteropathogenic and enterotaxemic (C. perifringens and C. colinum)

Atypical clostridia (C. piliforme)

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10
Q

What is the usual habitat of Clostridium?

A

Soil, fresh water, marine sediments, normal intestinal flora

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11
Q

Most clostridium form straight rods except for what species?

A

C. spiroforme

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12
Q

What is the BSL of the Clostridium species?

A

BSL 2 and BSL 3

BSL 3 is for C. botulinum

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13
Q

What is/are the pathogenesis of Clostridium?

A

Intoxication (ingestion of toxins)
- C. botulinum, C. haemolyticum, C. perfringens, C. tetani

Infection (infection of tissue w/ toxin)
- C. chauvoei, C. novyi, C. perfringens, C. septicum

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14
Q

What are the disease of neurotoxic clostridia and which species are responsible?

A

Tetanus (C. tetani)

Botulism (C. botulinum and C. argentinense)

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15
Q

What are the diseases of histotoxic clostridia and what are the species that cause it?

A

Blackleg (C. chauvoei)

Malignant edema, Braxy, necrotic dermatitis (C. septicum)

Big head in rams and Gas gangrene (C. novyi - Type A)

Black disease or necrotic hepatitis (C. novyi - Type B)

Gas gangrene (C. sordellii)

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16
Q

What are the diseases caused by C. perfringens Type A?

A

Food poisoning
Gas gangrene
Enterotoxaemic jaundice
Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Necrotic enteritis

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17
Q

What are the diseases caused by C. perfringens type B?

A

Lamb dysentery
Enterotoxaemia

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18
Q

What are the diseases caused by C. perfringens Type C?

A

Haemorrhagic enterotoxaemia
Struck
Necrotic enteritis

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19
Q

What are the diseases caused by C. perfringens Type D?

A

Pulpy kidney disease

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20
Q

What are the diseases caused by C. perfringens Type E?

A

Haemorrhagic enteritis
Enteritis

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21
Q

What are the diseases caused by C. spiroforme?

A

Spontaneous and anti-microbial induced diarrhea

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22
Q

What are the disease caused by C. difficile?

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A

Spontaneous and antimicrobial diarrhea
Nosocomial infection

23
Q

What are the diseases caused by C. colinum?

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A

Quail disease (ulcerative enteritis)

24
Q

What are the diseases caused by C. piliforme?

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A

Tyzzer’s disease
Hepatic necrosis

25
What kind of paralysis does C. tetani and C. botulinum confer?
C. tetani - spastic C. botulinum - flaccid
26
How are spores introduced into wounds?
Stepping on rusty nails Fecal contamination of umbilicus Tail docking
27
What are the two toxins produced by C. tetani
Tetanospasmin - causes spasms Tetanolysin - enhances tissue invasion
28
How is C. tetani infection treated?
With a high dose of penicillin and tetanus antitoxin
29
How does C. botulinum kill?
via respiratory or cardiac paralysis **Botulinum toxin blocks release of Ach** to prevent muscle contraction
30
What are the other names of C. botulinum infections and in what animals?
Horse: Spinal typhus or **shaker foal syndrome** Cattle: **Lamsiekte**, loin disease and contagious bulbar paralysis Water fowl: Limber neck alkali poisoning and **western duck sickness**
31
The typings of C. botulinum are based off of what?
The **antigenic properties of their toxins**. Human diseases are types: A B E F and G Horses: B Waterfowl: C
32
What are some other ways C. botulinum is acquired?
(**Ingestion**) Foodborne botulism - contaminated with botulinum toxin (**Infection**) Wound botulism (**Vertical Transmission**) Infant botulism (**Cosmetic**) Iatrogenic botulism - injected for cosmetic reasons Adult intestinal toxemia
33
How does histotoxic Clostridia affect its hosts?
By causing invasive infections via **local tissue necrosis and systemic effects**
34
How does C. chauvoei present itself in cattle and sheep?
As black leg In cattle: emphysematous swelling of the muscle In sheep: result of wound infection after cuts, shearing, castration
35
How is C. chauvoei treated?
Penicillin Vaccination Changing pasture
36
How does C. septicum present itself as in horses?
Malignant edemas - an acute fatal toxemia Should have similar appearance to black leg syndrome
37
How does C. novyi Type A and C. novyi Type B present itself as?
Type A = bighead and gas gangrene Type B = black disease or infectious necrotic hepatitis
38
How do enterotoxic Clostridia affect the hosts?
By producing enterotoxins that affect the intestines Absorptions of these toxins causes enterotoxemia
39
C. perfringens types A and C is associated with what?
Epithelial sloughing w/ severe necrotic enteritis
40
C. perfringens type D causes the development of a deep red kidney called what?
Red kidney disease or overeating disease
41
How does C. piliforme infections present itself as in the animal?
As Tyzzer's disease Hepatitis, collitis and myocarditis Liver failure and icterus (orange discoloration sa liver) Rarely diarrhea
42
How are Clostridium species differentiated in the lab?
Morphological characteristics in culture such as: spore shape and position Biochemical tests Antigen specificity
43
What stain is used to visualized endospores?
Schaeffer-Fulton (pink bacilli w/ green endospores)
44
What media is used to diagnose Clostridium in the lab?
Using Enriched blood agar (others are Cooked Meat Medium, and Thioglycolate Broth) Anaerobic jars with 5-10% CO2
45
True or False. Using colony morphology is also used to diagnose Clostridium.
False. Because they have no one typical colony morphology meaning they too varied
46
What are the respective appearances of C. perfringens, C. chauvoei, and C. tetani under microscope?
Boxcar appearance - C. perfringens Lemon shaped - C. chauvoei Drumstick - C. tetani
47
Which Clostridium species is unable to ferment sugars?
C. tetani
48
Which Clostridium species is able to produce indole?
C. tetani
49
Which Clostridium species can make use of sucrose to produce acids?
C. chauvoei C. perfringens
50
Which Clostridium species do not make use of lactose for acid production?
C. tetani C. botulinum C. novyi
51
What is the Cooked Meat Medium used for?
Cultivation of aerobic, microaerophilic, and anaerobic microbes
52
How is cooked meat medium prepared?
Addition of cooked meat, nutrient broths, glutathione and cysteine for an anaerobic environment Boiling to remove O2 Adding paraffin oil to prevent O2 from entering
53
What is thioglycolate broth?
An enriched media that supports the growth of anaerobes, aerobes, microaerophilic, and fastidious microbes
VMCB 122
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