PSIO 258: Elementary Physiology I > CNS 2 > Flashcards

CNS 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is involuntary movement through reflexes? What are the 2 reflexes?

A
  • Automatic patterned response to a stimulus
  • Stretch reflex
  • Withdrawal and crossed-extensor reflexes
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2
Q

Describe the neural pathway for a reflex (arc).

A
  • stimulus
  • sensory receptor
  • afferent neuron
  • integration centre (CNS)
  • efferent neuron(s)
  • effector organ (muscle, gland)
  • response
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3
Q

Describe the muscle spindle stretch reflex.

A
  • monosynaptic
  • level of the spinal cord
  • innate (natural
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4
Q

What are the steps for muscle spindle stretch reflex when they hit below the knee?

A
  • stimulus
  • patellar tendon
  • muscle spindle
  • afferent neuron
  • to brain or interneuron
  • efferent neuron
  • to hamstrings or quads
  • response
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5
Q

What are the steps for withdrawal and crossed-extensor reflexes for a stimulus at the bottom of the foot?

A
  • stimulus
  • nociceptor
  • afferent neuron
  • to thalamus or efferent neuron
  • quads or hamstrings
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6
Q

What is involved in the development of the idea to move in voluntary movement?

A
  • limbic system
  • association areas
  • supplementary motor area
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7
Q

What is involved in the program of motor commands in voluntary movement?

A
  • supplementary motor area
  • premotor area
  • primary motor cortex
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8
Q

What is involved in the execution in voluntary movement?

A
  • pyramidal tract
  • extrapyramidal tract
  • motor neuron
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9
Q

What is involved in the feedback to ensure movement is carried out smoothly and successfully in voluntary movement?

A
  • sensory systems
  • cerebellum
  • thalamus
  • basal nuclei
  • brainstem
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10
Q

Name the steps in voluntary movement.

A
  • idea
  • program
  • execution
  • movement of skeletal muscle (or skip this)
  • feedback to idea, program, and execution
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11
Q

Efferent neurons originate in the ____ _____.

A

ventral horn

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12
Q

Motor neuron to skeletal muscle cell is:

A
  • always excitatory
  • contract = activates motor neuron
  • relax = no activation
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13
Q

What are the 2 descending pathways?

A
  • lateral pathways (brain to spinal cord)

- ventromedial pathways (input from inner ear, skin, eyes)

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14
Q

What are the 2 components of lateral pathways?

A
  • pyramidal tracts

- rubrospinal

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15
Q

Describe pyramidal tracts.

A
  • direct from primary motor cortex

- fine control of distal limb segments

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16
Q

Describe rubospinal.

A
  • motor control

- less important

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17
Q

What are the 3 components of ventromedial pathways?

A
  • reticulospinal tract
  • vestibulospinal tract
  • tectospinal tract
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18
Q

The ventromedial pathways input to:

A
  • trunk
  • neck
  • proximal limbs
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19
Q

Retuculospinal tract is responsible for …

A
  • balance

- posture

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20
Q

Vestibulospinal tract is responsible for …

A
  • input from inner ear

- control of head, neck, lumber muscles to maintain posture and balance

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21
Q

Tectospinal tract is responsible for …

A
  • input from eyes, skin and ears

- controls head and eye movement (tracking)

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22
Q

How do pathways work together in input to motor neurons from the brain?

A
  • Large and small muscle groups coordinate
  • Posture + activating small muscle groups
  • Multiple inputs
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23
Q

Where does control of posture come from?

A

ventromedial pathways from brainstem

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24
Q

Involuntary control of posture comes from input to brainstem from 5 sources:

A
  • skin receptors
  • eyes
  • ears
  • proprioceptors
  • vestibular apparatus
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25
Why is the cerebellum critical to motor coordination?
- Provides feedback control of motor function - Contributes to muscle tone - Stores programs for remembered activities
26
What does the basal nuclei do?
- Feedback control of voluntary movements | - Select purposeful over unwanted movements
27
What are the 2 language areas in the left hemisphere?
- Broca's | - Wernicke's
28
Where is Broca's area located and what does it do?
- frontal lobe - speech formation - language expression
29
Where is Wernicke's area located and what does it do?
- temporal & parietal lobe | - language comprehension
30
What are 5 theories on the purpose of sleep?
- lets body rest - lets brain rest - enhances memory - enhances learning - supports adequate immune system function
31
Sleep is a ______ process.
active
32
What are the phases of sleep?
- REM | - non REM
33
Name some characteristics of sleep.
- breathing and heart rate change - increased creativity in REM sleep - logic in dreams in light sleep
34
How do we wake up?
- excitation signal to "wake up" via the thalamus that project into the cortex - neurotransmitters
35
What neurotransmitters play a role in waking up?
- acetylcholine - norepinephrine - dopamine
36
Left hemisphere = _______ emotions
positive
37
Right hemisphere = _______ emotions
negative
38
Name 3 autonomic responses to emotion.
- heart rate - hormones - digestion
39
Name the CNS structures involved in emotions.
- limbic system - amygdala - hypothalamus - midbrain - cerebral cortex
40
What emotions are involved with the amygdala?
- fear | - anxiety
41
What emotions are involved with the hypothalamus?
- anger | - aggression
42
Motivation =
drive
43
What are the 2 types of drive?
- physiological drive | - emotional drive
44
Give an example of physiological drive.
We eat because we are hungry, need nutrients
45
Give an example of emotional drive.
We eat because we are upset and pleasure associated with eating overrides negative emotions
46
What is pleasure?
strong motivating emotion
47
Pleasure centres contain _______.
dopamine (reward centre)
48
What are 3 characteristics of pleasure centres?
- basal nuclei - connect to limbic system - can develop addiction through activation
49
What is learning?
acquisition of new information
50
What is memory?
retention of information, skills, or thoughts
51
Why is the hippocampus important for learning?
- associative learning | - non-associative learning
52
What is associative learning?
- connect two or more stimuli | - use of mnemonics (word association for learning)
53
What is non-associative learning?
repetition of a single stimulus
54
Non-associative learning includes:
- habituation | - sensitization
55
What is habituation?
- decrease in response to a repeated stimulus | - acclimatized to noise distraction
56
What is sensitization?
- increase in response to a repeated stimulus | - increased awareness of additional/alternative stimuli
57
What are the 2 memory processes?
- procedural memory | - declarative memory
58
Procedural memory =
implicit
59
Declarative memory =
explicit
60
Describe procedural memory.
- Learned motor skills and behaviours - Automatic response: does not require a conscious effort - Cerebellum is involved
61
Describe declarative memory.
- Learned facts, events, and experiences - Requires conscious effort for recall - Hippocampus is involved
62
Describe short term memory.
- lasts seconds to minutes (perhaps hours) - lost unless consolidated (to long term) - repetition beneficial
63
What lobe is associated with short term memory?
frontal lobe
64
Describe long term memory.
lasts years to lifetime
65
What lobe is associated with long term memory?
temporal lobe
66
Learning and memory involve _____.
plasticity
67
Describe plasticity.
- new synapses - modulations of existing synapses - recently shown new neurons develop (BDNF, hypothalamus)
68
What modulations of existing synapses occur with plasticity?
- Strength of synapses increases through repetition | - Ie. Sensitivity to neurotransmitter or quantity of neurotransmitter
69
How does exercise effect the brain?
- Cognitive function improved in older adults (Slows progression of Alzheimer’s) - Alleviates mood disorders (ie. depression) - increased blood flow to the brain - increased metabolic activity of the brain
PSIO 258: Elementary Physiology I
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