PSIO 258: Elementary Physiology I > Endocrine System 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine System 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is responsible for hormonal regulation?

A
  • insulin

- glucagon

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2
Q

Insulin is the hormone of _____ _____.

A

absorptive state

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3
Q

Glucagon is the hormone of _____ _____.

A

postabsorptive state

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4
Q

Name 2 other less important regulators.

A
  • epinephrine

- sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

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5
Q

What happens during absorptive state?

A
  • Insulin secretion increases during absorptive state
  • Plasma concentrations increased (due to absorption) and movement (storage) into cells increases
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
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6
Q

What happens during postabsorptive state?

A
  • Secretion of insulin decreases during postabsorptive state
  • Glucagon, epinephrine secretion increases
  • Sympathetic nervous system activity
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7
Q

What are the actions of insulin?

A
  • anabolic: glycogen synthesis, triglyceride synthesis
  • promotes glucose use for energy (increases glucose uptake by cells)
  • decreases catabolism
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8
Q

Describe the actions of glucagon.

A
  • Alpha cell secretion
  • Promotes breakdown of energy storage molecules (catabolic reactions) in postabsorptive state
  • Promotes glucose sparing for nervous system by diverting body cells to utilize other sources of energy
  • Antagonist of insulin
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9
Q

Generally describe the negative feedback control of blood glucose.

A
  • increased blood amino acids
  • increases insulin release
  • increases glucagon release
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10
Q

Where does increased blood amino acids come from?

A

high protein, low carb meals

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11
Q

What increases insulin release?

A
  • increased amino acid uptake

- increased glucose uptake

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12
Q

What increases glucagon release?

A
  • Low carb diet = low blood glucose

- more glucagon stimulated by amino acids

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13
Q

What does glucagon do?

A
  • counteracts insulin

- maintains proper blood glucose level

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14
Q

Name 3 effects of epinephrine and SNS activity on metabolism.

A
  • suppresses insulin release
  • stimulates glucagon release
  • characteristic of postabsorptive state
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15
Q

Decreased plasma glucose stimulates increased _____ _____.

A

epinephrine release

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16
Q

Increased epinephrine stimulates liver, causing what.

A
  • increased glycogenolysis

- increased gluconeogenesis

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17
Q

What is impaired in diabetes mellitus?

A

energy metabolism

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18
Q

What is type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

insulin deficiency

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19
Q

What is type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A
  • deficient insulin response

- reduced insulin sensitivity

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20
Q

What are the primary signs of diabetes mellitus?

A
  • hyperglycemia

- decreased insulin

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21
Q

Name 3 processes of hormonal regulation of growth.

A
  • increase number of cells
  • increase size of some cells
  • increase bone length and thickness
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22
Q

Name 5 hormones of growth.

A
  • GH (IGFs-insulin like growth factors)
  • insulin
  • thyroid hormones
  • sex hormones
  • growth factors and growth inhibiting factors (BDNF)
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23
Q

What does IGFs stand for?

A

insulin like growth factors

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24
Q

What does BDNF stand for?

A

brain-derived neurotrophic factor

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25
What 2 things promote growth?
- hypertrophy | - hyperplasia
26
Define hypertrophy.
increase in cell size
27
Define hyperplasia.
increase in cell number
28
___ stimulates IGF release from the _____ and other cells (tropic).
- GH | - liver
29
Most effects of GH are through ____.
IGFs
30
What are the 2 ways that IGFs have direct effect on target cells?
- as hormones | - as panacrines
31
What are panacrines?
impact cells nearby
32
What is autocrine?
release from cell impacts that cell itself
33
Name 7 factors that increase GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone) release.
- decreases in glucose - decreases in fatty acids - increases in amino acids - sleep - exercise - stress - circadian rhythm
34
What are the effects of GH?
- bone cells - formation of bone - width and length of bone increases - resorption of bone
35
How is bone formed by GH?
- osteoblasts lay down bone | - calcification
36
How does the width and length of bone increase with GH in the pre-pubertal stage?
- epiphyseal plates | - sex hormones
37
How does the width and length of bone increase with GH in the post-pubertal stage?
bone remodelling
38
What are the 3 cells in bone?
- osteoblasts - osteoclasts - osteocytes
39
What are osteoblasts?
bone markers (deposition)
40
What are osteoclasts?
bone breakers (resorption)
41
What are osteocytes? What do they do?
- bone maintainers | - maintains surrounding bone
42
An osteoblast becomes an _______.
osteocyte
43
What happens in the resorption of bone?
- osteoclasts secrete acid and enzymes - acid dissolves calcified bone - enzymes degrade bone - calcium and phosphate are released into blood
44
What are 3 conditions that result from abnormal GH secretion?
- dwarfism - gigantism - acromegaly
45
What is dwarfism?
decreased GH secretion in children
46
What is gigantism?
increased GH secretion in children
47
What is acromegaly?
increased GH secretion in adults
48
Name 4 other hormones (other than GH) that affect growth.
- thyroid hormones - insulin - sex hormones - glucocorticoids
49
How do thyroid hormones effect growth?
- required for the synthesis of GH | - permissive for GH actions
50
How does insulin effect growth?
permissie for GH actions
51
How do sex hormones effect growth?
- little role in childhood growth | - important for pubertal growth spurt
52
How do glucocorticoids effect growth?
inhibits growth
53
What do the follicular cells in the thyroid gland do?
- synthesize hormones | - stores them until secreted
54
What impact does iodine have?
causes the release of thyroid hormones through exocytosis
55
What are the actions of thyroid hormones called?
calorigenic effect
56
Calorigenic effect increases...
- rate of Na+/K+ pump - number and size of mitochondria - oxidative phosphorylation enzymes - glycogenolysis, proteolysis, and lipolysis - gluconeogenesis and ketone synthesis - synthesis of β adrenergic receptors
57
What does CRH stand for?
corticotropin releasing hormone
58
CRH is released from ...
hypothalamus
59
What does CRH stimulate?
ACTH
60
What does ACTH stand for?
adrenocorticotropic hormone
61
ACTH is secreted from ...
anterior pituitary (tropic hormone)
62
What does ACTH stimulate?
cortisol synthesis from adrenal cortex
63
What does cortisol do?
- hormone of stress - mobilizes energy stores - suppresses immune response
64
What is the term for what happens during stress response?
general adaptation syndrome (Hans Selye)
65
What is general adaptation syndrome (Hans Selye)?
- alarm: fight or flight (SNS) - resistance (PSNS) - exhaustion: stores of the body are depleted, susceptible
66
What happens to hormones during stress response?
- increased cortisol secretion - sympathetic activity - epinephrine secretion - ADH release - angiotensin II production
67
What happens during fight or flight?
- mobilization of energy stores | - maintaining blood pressure
PSIO 258: Elementary Physiology I
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