Toxicology ECEIM > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

Source of Locoweed (Astragalus/Oxytropis spp.) toxicity in horses?

A

Chronic ingestion of locoweed-contaminated pasture or hay

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2
Q

Mechanism of action of Locoweed (Astragalus/Oxytropis spp.) toxicity in horses?

A

Swainsonine inhibits lysosomal α-mannosidase → neuronal vacuolation

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3
Q

Typical clinical signs of Locoweed (Astragalus/Oxytropis spp.) toxicity in horses?

A

Depression, ataxia, behavioral changes, weight loss

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4
Q

Specific antidote for Locoweed (Astragalus/Oxytropis spp.) toxicity in horses?

A

No antidote; remove source

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5
Q

Source of Nervous ergotism toxicity in horses?

A

Ingestion of ergot alkaloids from Claviceps-infected grasses

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6
Q

Mechanism of action of Nervous ergotism toxicity in horses?

A

Neurotoxic ergot alkaloids causing CNS dysfunction

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7
Q

Typical clinical signs of Nervous ergotism toxicity in horses?

A

Ataxia, tremors, convulsions, hyperexcitability

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8
Q

Specific antidote for Nervous ergotism toxicity in horses?

A

No antidote; supportive care

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9
Q

Source of Blue-green algae toxicity in horses?

A

Drinking stagnant water with cyanobacterial blooms

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10
Q

Mechanism of action of Blue-green algae toxicity in horses?

A

Anatoxin-a acts as nicotinic agonist causing depolarization blockade

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11
Q

Typical clinical signs of Blue-green algae toxicity in horses?

A

Muscle tremors, seizures, respiratory paralysis

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12
Q

Specific antidote for Blue-green algae toxicity in horses?

A

No antidote

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13
Q

Source of Nicotine toxicity in horses?

A

Ingestion of tobacco plants or nicotine-containing products

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14
Q

Mechanism of action of Nicotine toxicity in horses?

A

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist

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15
Q

Typical clinical signs of Nicotine toxicity in horses?

A

Salivation, tremors, seizures, weakness

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16
Q

Specific antidote for Nicotine toxicity in horses?

A

Atropine (supportive)

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17
Q

Source of Ammonia toxicity in horses?

A

Severe hepatic dysfunction or urea overload

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18
Q

Mechanism of action of Ammonia toxicity in horses?

A

Hyperammonemia causing cerebral edema and neurotransmitter disruption

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19
Q

Typical clinical signs of Ammonia toxicity in horses?

A

Depression, head pressing, seizures

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20
Q

Specific antidote for Ammonia toxicity in horses?

A

No antidote; reduce ammonia production

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21
Q

Source of Urea / NPN substances toxicity in horses?

A

Ingestion of urea or NPN fertilizers

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22
Q

Mechanism of action of Urea / NPN substances toxicity in horses?

A

Rapid ammonia production leading to hyperammonemia

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23
Q

Typical clinical signs of Urea / NPN substances toxicity in horses?

A

Ataxia, tremors, seizures, coma

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24
Q

Specific antidote for Urea / NPN substances toxicity in horses?

A

Acetic acid orally (ruminants); supportive in horses

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25
Source of Cholinesterase inhibiting insecticides toxicity in horses?
Exposure to insecticides
26
Mechanism of action of Cholinesterase inhibiting insecticides toxicity in horses?
Acetylcholinesterase inhibition → excess acetylcholine
27
Typical clinical signs of Cholinesterase inhibiting insecticides toxicity in horses?
SLUD signs, tremors, seizures
28
Specific antidote for Cholinesterase inhibiting insecticides toxicity in horses?
Atropine ± pralidoxime
29
Source of Organophosphates toxicity in horses?
Insecticides and parasiticides
30
Mechanism of action of Organophosphates toxicity in horses?
Irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibition
31
Typical clinical signs of Organophosphates toxicity in horses?
Muscle fasciculations, seizures, bronchoconstriction
32
Specific antidote for Organophosphates toxicity in horses?
Atropine ± pralidoxime
33
Source of Chlorinated hydrocarbons toxicity in horses?
Exposure to organochlorine pesticides
34
Mechanism of action of Chlorinated hydrocarbons toxicity in horses?
Disrupt neuronal sodium channels
35
Typical clinical signs of Chlorinated hydrocarbons toxicity in horses?
Hyperexcitability, tremors, seizures
36
Specific antidote for Chlorinated hydrocarbons toxicity in horses?
No antidote; supportive
37
Source of Strychnine toxicity in horses?
Rodenticide ingestion
38
Mechanism of action of Strychnine toxicity in horses?
Glycine receptor antagonism in spinal cord
39
Typical clinical signs of Strychnine toxicity in horses?
Extensor rigidity, seizures, opisthotonus
40
Specific antidote for Strychnine toxicity in horses?
No antidote; barbiturates
41
Source of Metaldehyde toxicity in horses?
Slug bait ingestion
42
Mechanism of action of Metaldehyde toxicity in horses?
Reduces GABA activity causing CNS excitation
43
Typical clinical signs of Metaldehyde toxicity in horses?
Tremors, seizures, hyperthermia
44
Specific antidote for Metaldehyde toxicity in horses?
No antidote; supportive
45
Source of Methiocarb toxicity in horses?
Carbamate molluscicide exposure
46
Mechanism of action of Methiocarb toxicity in horses?
Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibition
47
Typical clinical signs of Methiocarb toxicity in horses?
Salivation, tremors, seizures
48
Specific antidote for Methiocarb toxicity in horses?
Atropine
49
Source of 4-Aminopyridine toxicity in horses?
Rodenticide or experimental compound exposure
50
Mechanism of action of 4-Aminopyridine toxicity in horses?
Potassium channel blockade → excessive neurotransmitter release
51
Typical clinical signs of 4-Aminopyridine toxicity in horses?
Seizures, tremors, hyperexcitability
52
Specific antidote for 4-Aminopyridine toxicity in horses?
No antidote; supportive
53
Source of Levamisole toxicity in horses?
Anthelmintic overdose
54
Mechanism of action of Levamisole toxicity in horses?
Nicotinic receptor agonist causing depolarization
55
Typical clinical signs of Levamisole toxicity in horses?
Muscle tremors, ataxia, weakness
56
Specific antidote for Levamisole toxicity in horses?
No antidote; supportive
57
Source of Carbon disulfide toxicity in horses?
Industrial solvent exposure
58
Mechanism of action of Carbon disulfide toxicity in horses?
Neurotoxic causing axonal degeneration
59
Typical clinical signs of Carbon disulfide toxicity in horses?
Ataxia, behavioral changes, seizures
60
Specific antidote for Carbon disulfide toxicity in horses?
No antidote
61
Source of Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) toxicity in horses?
Ingestion of bark, seeds or wilted leaves
62
Mechanism of action of Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) toxicity in horses?
Toxalbumins cause GI irritation and CNS depression
63
Typical clinical signs of Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) toxicity in horses?
Depression, colic, weakness, ataxia
64
Specific antidote for Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) toxicity in horses?
No antidote; supportive care
65
Source of Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) toxicity in horses?
Chronic ingestion of bracken fern in pasture or hay
66
Mechanism of action of Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) toxicity in horses?
Thiaminase activity causing thiamine deficiency
67
Typical clinical signs of Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) toxicity in horses?
Ataxia, weakness, seizures
68
Specific antidote for Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) toxicity in horses?
Thiamine supplementation
69
Source of Equisetum (horsetail) toxicity in horses?
Ingestion of horsetail-contaminated hay
70
Mechanism of action of Equisetum (horsetail) toxicity in horses?
Thiaminase-induced thiamine deficiency
71
Typical clinical signs of Equisetum (horsetail) toxicity in horses?
Weight loss, ataxia, weakness
72
Specific antidote for Equisetum (horsetail) toxicity in horses?
Thiamine supplementation
73
Source of Milkweed (Asclepias spp.) toxicity in horses?
Ingestion of fresh or dried plants
74
Mechanism of action of Milkweed (Asclepias spp.) toxicity in horses?
Cardenolides causing Na/K ATPase inhibition and neurotoxicity
75
Typical clinical signs of Milkweed (Asclepias spp.) toxicity in horses?
Depression, ataxia, tremors, colic
76
Specific antidote for Milkweed (Asclepias spp.) toxicity in horses?
No antidote; supportive
77
Source of Yellow starthistle / Russian knapweed toxicity in horses?
Chronic ingestion of contaminated hay or pasture
78
Mechanism of action of Yellow starthistle / Russian knapweed toxicity in horses?
Nigropallidal degeneration
79
Typical clinical signs of Yellow starthistle / Russian knapweed toxicity in horses?
Inability to prehend or chew food (chewing disease)
80
Specific antidote for Yellow starthistle / Russian knapweed toxicity in horses?
No antidote
81
Source of Milkvetch / timber milkvetch toxicity in horses?
Ingestion of selenium-containing plants
82
Mechanism of action of Milkvetch / timber milkvetch toxicity in horses?
Chronic selenium toxicity causing neuronal damage
83
Typical clinical signs of Milkvetch / timber milkvetch toxicity in horses?
Ataxia, weakness, hoof deformities
84
Specific antidote for Milkvetch / timber milkvetch toxicity in horses?
No antidote; remove source
85
Source of Propylene glycol toxicity in horses?
Excessive oral or IV administration
86
Mechanism of action of Propylene glycol toxicity in horses?
Hyperosmolality and CNS depression
87
Typical clinical signs of Propylene glycol toxicity in horses?
Depression, ataxia, weakness
88
Specific antidote for Propylene glycol toxicity in horses?
No antidote; supportive
89
Source of Triclopyr toxicity in horses?
Herbicide exposure via treated pasture
90
Mechanism of action of Triclopyr toxicity in horses?
Neurotoxicity via unknown cellular mechanisms
91
Typical clinical signs of Triclopyr toxicity in horses?
Ataxia, tremors, weakness
92
Specific antidote for Triclopyr toxicity in horses?
No antidote; supportive
93
Source of Moldy corn disease toxicity in horses?
Ingestion of Fusarium-contaminated corn
94
Mechanism of action of Moldy corn disease toxicity in horses?
Fumonisin-induced neuronal toxicity
95
Typical clinical signs of Moldy corn disease toxicity in horses?
Blindness, ataxia, head pressing
96
Specific antidote for Moldy corn disease toxicity in horses?
No antidote; supportive
97
Source of Lead toxicity in horses?
Ingestion of paint, batteries or contaminated soil
98
Mechanism of action of Lead toxicity in horses?
Interferes with neurotransmission and heme synthesis
99
Typical clinical signs of Lead toxicity in horses?
Blindness, seizures, head pressing
100
Specific antidote for Lead toxicity in horses?
CaEDTA chelation
101
Source of Trichothecenes toxicity in horses?
Ingestion of mold-contaminated grains
102
Mechanism of action of Trichothecenes toxicity in horses?
Protein synthesis inhibition and neuronal damage
103
Typical clinical signs of Trichothecenes toxicity in horses?
Anorexia, vomiting, tremors, seizures
104
Specific antidote for Trichothecenes toxicity in horses?
No antidote; supportive
Toxicology ECEIM
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