Source of Oxalate toxicosis toxicity in horses?
Ingestion of oxalate-containing plants (e.g. halogeton, beet tops, sorrel)
Mechanism of action of Oxalate toxicosis toxicity in horses?
Oxalates bind calcium forming insoluble complexes → hypocalcemia and renal tubular damage
Typical clinical signs of Oxalate toxicosis toxicity in horses?
Colic, muscle tremors, weakness, hematuria, renal failure
Specific antidote for Oxalate toxicosis toxicity in horses?
Calcium supplementation and supportive care
Source of Sorghum (sorghum cystitis/ataxia syndrome) toxicity in horses?
Ingestion of young or stressed sorghum plants
Mechanism of action of Sorghum (sorghum cystitis/ataxia syndrome) toxicity in horses?
Cyanogenic glycosides and nitrates causing renal tubular and urothelial injury, neuromotor and sensory disf(x) pelvic limbs, bladder.
Abortion, conegenital arthrogryposis
Typical clinical signs of Sorghum toxicity in horses?
Hematuria, dysuria, ataxia, hindlimb weakness
Specific antidote for Sorghum (sorghum cystitis/ataxia syndrome) toxicity in horses?
No specific antidote; remove source, supportive care
Source of Vitamin D2 and D3 toxicity in horses?
Excessive supplementation or ingestion of vitamin D–containing products
Mechanism of action of Vitamin D2 and D3 toxicity in horses?
Hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia → metastatic calcification of kidneys
Typical clinical signs of Vitamin D2 and D3 toxicity in horses?
Polyuria/polydipsia, azotemia, weight loss
Specific antidote for Vitamin D2 and D3 toxicity in horses?
No antidote; fluids, corticosteroids, bisphosphonates
Source of Vitamin K3 (menadione) toxicity in horses?
Excessive supplementation or rodenticide exposure
Mechanism of action of Vitamin K3 (menadione) toxicity in horses?
Oxidative damage to renal tubular epithelium
Typical clinical signs of Vitamin K3 (menadione) toxicity in horses?
Hematuria, azotemia, weakness
Specific antidote for Vitamin K3 (menadione) toxicity in horses?
No specific antidote; supportive care
Source of Cadmium toxicity in horses?
Ingestion of contaminated feed, soil, or industrial waste
Mechanism of action of Cadmium toxicity in horses?
Accumulation in kidneys causing proximal tubular necrosis
Typical clinical signs of Cadmium toxicity in horses?
Polyuria, proteinuria, renal failure
Specific antidote for Cadmium toxicity in horses?
No antidote; supportive care
Source of Mercury toxicity in horses?
Ingestion of mercury-containing compounds or contaminated feed
Mechanism of action of Mercury toxicity in horses?
Binds sulfhydryl groups causing renal tubular necrosis
Typical clinical signs of Mercury toxicity in horses?
Renal failure, neurologic signs, GI upset
Specific antidote for Mercury toxicity in horses?
Chelation (dimercaprol or DMSA)
