What is a concordant coastline
Resistant and less resistant rock running parallel to the coastline (even erosion)
What is a discordant coastline
Resistant and less resistant rock running perpendicular to the coastline (uneven erosion)
What is wave refraction
When waves bend around an obstacle to spread into a sheltered area
Destructive waves
weak swash, strong backwash, erodes beaches
Constructive waves
strong swash, weak backwash, builds beaches
What are the 4 methods of rock transportation
Traction (rolled), saltation (bounced), suspension (carried) and solution (dissolved)
What is freeze thaw weathering
When water gets into cracks in rocks and freezing, then expanding making the crack 9% bigger
What is chemical weathering
The breakdown of rock caused by chemical reactions
What is biological weathering
The breakdown of rock caused by living things
What does CCASS stand for
Caves, cracks, arches, stacks and stumps
What is a wave cut platform
A sloping rock ledge at the base of cliffs between high and low tide
How are spits formed
When longshore drift occurs around a bending coastline, the sand is deposited in the same direction and a thin stretch of sand comes out from the coast, curved at the end due to wave refraction
What happens to the water behind the spit
It becomes stagnant and a salt marsh begins to form
What are pioneer species
Species that are first to colonise new environments
What is a bar
A spit that stretches across a bay, forming a lagoon behind it
What is a tombolo
A spit that connects an island to the mainland
What are all dune stages in order from first to last
Embryo, foredune, yellow, grey and mature
What are hard engineering management strategies
Using man-made structures
What are soft engineering management strategies
Using a natural approach to work with the processes
How is a sand dune formed
Longshore drift deposits sand up beach via wind, gets stuck behind an obstacle and grows larger into a dune, pioneer species hold the sand together, 90% of sand movement is through saltation
What is the difference between sand and single beaches being formed
Sand beach waves=low energy, flat and wide while Shingle beach wave=high energy, steep and narrow
What are the three factors affecting the type of wave
wind speed, wind duration, fetch
How are waves formed
Waves move in a circular orbit, becoming more elliptical closer to shore due to the increasing friction of the seabed, the crest begins to topple over and break=swash then backwash
What are the four types of mass movement
Rock Fall (rocks fall off cliff face), Landslide (blocks of rock slide downhill), Mud Slide (saturated soil flows down a slope), Slumping (saturated soil clumps along a curved surface
