Coasts

Question 1

Example of a Concordant Coastline

Answer 1

Lulworth Cove, Dorset
Dalmation Coast, Croatia

Question 2

Example of a Discordant Coastline

Answer 2

Pembrokeshire, Wales

Question 3

What type of mass movement caused the Norfolk Cliff Collapse

Answer 3

Heavy rainfall saturated the rock leading to “flow”

Question 4

What Landforms are created at emergent coastlines?

Answer 4

Raised beaches and fossil cliffs
EG: Scotland

Question 5

What are Rias? (+Case study)

Answer 5

Flooded river valleys
EG: Kingsbridge Estuary, Devon

Question 6

What are Fjords? (+Case Study)

Answer 6

U-shaped flooded glacial valleys
EG: Norway

Question 7

What are Barrier Islands? (+Case Study)

Answer 7

Flooded sand dunes with a lagoon behind
EG: Eastern USA - Florida

Question 8

What influence does tectonic activity have on sea level changes

Answer 8

EG: Kaikoura, New Zealand (2016)
Fault planes moved, causing the seabed to be lifted by 5.5m (tsunami)

EG: Indian Ocean Tsunami (2004)
Caused coastline of Sumatra to drop by 1m
Some offshore islands were raised by 2m

Question 9

What influence does contemporary sea level rise have on low-lying land?

Answer 9

EG: Vanuatu
Climate change causes sea level rise increasing erosion
During high tides, seawater digs out vegetation
Climate change causes the sun to dry out veg

Question 10

What threat does rapid coastal retreat cause people at the coast?

Answer 10

Offshore Dredging & Dam building

Question 11

Offshore dredging case study

Answer 11

EG: Hallsands, Devon
Removed 1500+ tonnes of sediment daily to construct a dockyard (600,000 tonnes)
Sediment starvation caused beach height to fall and increased erosion = Positive feedback

Question 12

Dam building case study - Ghana

Answer 12

EG: Akosombo Dam, Ghana
Constructed in 1965, reduced flow of sediment down River Volta from 70mil m^3 to 7mil m^3
Reduced LSD and coastal erosion = accelerated shoreline retreat

Question 13

Dam building case study - Egypt

Answer 13

EG: Aswan Dam - River Nile, Egypt
Made in 1960s
Hydroelectric power
Dam caused sediment starvation near estuary = coastal recession at Rosetta

Question 14

Rapidly eroding coastline case study

Answer 14

EG: Holderness
Annual erosion rate is 2m per year
23 Villages have been lost
Made of soft boulder clay
Displacement/Relocation, loss of amenity areas (less tourism)

Question 15

Mappleton Case study

Answer 15

Uses rock armour

Question 16

Hornsea Case Study

Answer 16

Uses groynes

Question 17

Skipsea Case Study

Answer 17

No active intervention SMP

Question 18

Regional factors increasing coastal flood risk

Answer 18

Cyclones
EG: Bangladesh Cyclone Sidr (2007)

Question 19

Human Factors increasing coastal flood risk at Bangladesh

Answer 19

Deforestation = decreases stability and less absorption, can’t dissipate wave energy
After Cyclone Sidr (2007) a reforestation initiative was introduced to plant mangroves along the Bay of Bengal

Question 20

Physical Factors increasing coastal flood risk at Bangladesh

Answer 20

-Low lying land
-Intense rainfall (monsoon)
-Cyclones/Storm Surges
-Shape of the Bay of Bengal
-Unconsolidated sediment
-Degree of subsidence

Question 21

Netherlands Case Study

Answer 21

1953 North Sea floods
30% of Netherlands is below sea level (low lying land)
Storm surges of 5m
1800 deaths
10% of Dutch Farmland was flooded
40,000 buildings damaged 10,000 destroyed

Question 22

Australia Case Study

Answer 22

Victoria - 80% coastline at risk of flooding
With a 10% rise in sea level the risk will triple affecting Sydney
Coastal flooding may become a daily thing by 2100
Less tourism = unemployment
Victoria - 48,000 homes at risk
1m rise in sea level = $162 bn exposed (transport/infrastructure)
0.2m rise = $1.4 bn costs

Question 23

Philippines Case Study

Answer 23

EG: Typoon Haiyaan (2013)
4-5m storm surge
At least 6,300 deaths 30,000 injured
$2 bn in damaged (Tacloban)

Question 24

USA New Orleans Case Study

Answer 24

EG: Hurricane Katrina (2005)
Over 1mil evacuated
8m tsunami (storm surge)
30% evacuees never returned to the city

Question 25

EG: Tuvalu

Answer 25

Highest point is 4.5m above sea level Most land is 1-2m above sea level High population density Small economy based on fishing/tourism

Question 26

EG: Seychelles

Answer 26

80% live and work around the coast Limited water supply At risk from saltwater contamination Small economy based on fishing/tourism High Population density

Question 27

Beach Nourishment Case Study

Answer 27

EG: Bacton and Walcott, North Norfolk In 2019, 1.8mil m^3 sand shifted there to create a natural barrier It created a sand bar which breaks the energy of the waves

Question 28

Cliff Stabilisation Case Study

Answer 28

EG: Scarborough (March 2018) May plant vegetation to strengthen the structure as roots bind unconsolidated sediment together Used on cliffs prone to mass movement

Question 29

How are coasts managed sustainably?

Answer 29

EG: Maldives Manage natural resources (pole & line fishing) Managing flood risk/erosion (protect coral reefs, create artificial island Hulhumale) Educate communities why change is needed (working with UNICEF)

Question 30

EG: Cuckmere Haven

Answer 30

2008 - Enviro Agency announced No Active Intervention Plan 2021 - South Downs National Park Authority took over saying they'll protect cottages Challenged by Sussex Wildlife Trust saying it would destroy coral reef

Question 31

Holistic Sustainable Management Case Study

Answer 31

EG: Odisha Development of ecotourism Afforestation of mangroves Building cyclone shelters Control of coastal erosion

Question 32

Winners & Losers in Coastal Management Case Study

Answer 32

EG: Blackwater Estuary (2002) A 4000 hectare managed realignment scheme implemented by creating 5 breaches in the sea wall High cost of "Hold the Line" avoided and food risk reduced Estuary water quality improved Fish nurseries enhanced (happy environmentalists)