Development in tech/transport
(IMC)
Containerisation
EG: Malcom McLean Intermodal Containers
Sold his patent to encourage standardisation that aids free trade as his containers would be the standard size at any port
Development in tech/transport
(JE)
Jet Aircrafts
EG: Easyjet
-Initially had 2 planes
-1995 to 2019: number of passengers increased from 30000 to 96mil
-2020: owned 337 planes
Development in tech/transport
(SP)
Steam Power
Ships moved both goods and armies between Britain, Africa and Asia
Growth of ICT
(T & T)
Telephone/Telegraph
Used to take 2 weeks for a telegraph to be received and now we have mobile devices allowing instant connection (shrinking world/ time-space compression)
Growth of ICT
(I & SN)
Internet and Social Networks
Communication is instant and can be from anywhere in the world
shrinking world/ time-space compression
As of Oct 2025, 73.2% of global populastion have access to Internet
Growth of ICT
(BB & FO)
Broadband and Fibre Optics
More than 1.2km of cables are laid
Growth of ICT
(G & G)
GIS and GPS
1970 - 1st GPS, now over 40 in space
Use of Mobile Phones in Africa
EG: Kenya
M-PESA banking app
Can send remittances
-1/3 of Kenya’s GDP sent through M-PESA
-2/3 of the population use it
-2005: 6% had a phone, 2015: 70%
-Google is trying to do the same (BEBA)
-2013: M-PESA was handling $22.3mil transactions
Trade Blocs:
EU
-Consists of 27 members (UK left in 2020)
-Monetary Union = loss of monetary policy independence
-Free movement (Schengen Agreement)
Trade Blocs:
USMCA
China’s Open Door Approach
-Increased exports of China’s rare metals
-Foreign TNCs allowed to invest in the domestic market
-50% GDP generated by SEZs
-400mil able to escape poverty
-Between 2015-2025, FDI expected to total $1.25 trillion
China’s Closed Door Approach
-Only allows 34 foreign films to be screened yearly
-Google/Facebook have little access to China’s market
-2008: Gov blocked Coca-Cola from buying Haiyaan Juice
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
How does it accelerate Globalisation?
Pos/Neg
-Provides loans
World Bank (WB)
How does it accelerate Globalisation?
Pos/Neg
World Trade Organisation (WTO)
How does it accelerate Globalisation?
Pos/Neg
Encourages Trade liberalisation and reduces barriers to entry
How do TNCs Accelerate Globalisation
Culture
Media
Food
Technology
Glocalisation Case Study
EG: McDonalds Maharaja Burger in India
Does not include beef/steak (cow) as majority of the population are Hindu and this would go against their religion
Offshoring/Outsourcing Case Study
EG: India
BT Call Centres
EG: Philippines
Long hours
Lack of social life
Collapse of Rana Plaza Factory
2013
Dhaka, Bangladesh (primark)
Workers felt unsafe working in these terrible conditions but weren’t listened to
Over 1100 deaths
Switched off Places
(NK)
EG: North Korea
-Ruled by the same family for 70 years
-Less than 0.1% have access to the internet
-No underwater cables connecting them to anywhere
Switched off Places
(TSR)
EG: The Sahel Region
-Landlocked & no access to port, making trade difficult
-Arid conditions/desertification makes development difficult
-Global brands do not see it as a viable market
Impacts of Global Shift:
Bangladesh
Impacts of Global Shift:
Ivory Coast
Impacts of Global Shift:
Togo
