Coasts EQ4 (2B.4)

Question 1

what are the economic costs of coastal recession ?

Answer 1

• homes lost
• business lost
• farms lost
• cost to pay for sea defences

Question 2

what are the social costs of coastal recession ?

Answer 2

• relocation of locals
• livelihoods lost
• impacts on health such as stress and worry

Question 3

what are the environmental costs of coastal recession ?

Answer 3

• loss of habitats

- ecosystems such as marshes could be lost

Question 4

what is amenity value ?

Answer 4

the value in cultural, human wellbeing and economic terms of an attractive environment that people enjoy using

Question 5

what is an example of a coastal storm surge in a developing country ?

Answer 5

Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines

• category 5 which is the highest
• 6200 killed
• areas less effected by it had their population doubled after the storm

Question 6

what is an example of a coastal storm surge in a developed country ?

Answer 6

The north sea storm surge effected Netherlands and they lost almost 40,000 buildings to flooding. However they had a delta surge system in place to limit the effects of the flooding so their where no deaths

Question 7

what are the advantages of using hard engineering ?

Answer 7

• it is obvious to the locals that something is being done so it makes them feel safe
• it could protect a steretch of coast for decades
• could save ecosystems such as freshwater marshes

Question 8

what are the disadvantages of using hard engineering ?

Answer 8

• very high costs to put up and then maintain
• a lot are prone to failure
• visually unattractive
• they can have a negative effect on ecosystems
• defences built in one place can have a negative effect on the rest of the cell

Question 9

what are some examples of soft engineering ?

Answer 9

• beach nourishment gets sediment form one place and puts it on the beach. This is expensive and effects other parts of the beach
• dune stabilisation uses fences to reduce wind speed and replanting to stabilise the dunes, It is cheap and cost effective

Question 10

why might coastal management cause conflict ?

Answer 10

• coastal natural resources might need to be used less in order to protect the coast
• people might need to be relocated
• some erosion an flooding will still occur
• future trends such as sea level rise might make them need to change plan

Question 11

What is integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) ?

Answer 11

A holistic approach to coastal management. It takes in to account the whole cell and how it will be effected, the different stakeholders and also the sustainability of the options.

Question 12

What is an SMP ?

Answer 12

a shoreline management plan which is an area within a cell divided in to smaller areas

Question 13

what are the positives of using littoral cells in coastal management ?

Answer 13

it considers the impacts of coastal management not just in an area but in the cell as a whole

Question 14

what are the negatives of using littoral cells in coastal management ?

Answer 14

it is hard to cross coordinate different councils working together as they might both want different things so it could lead to conflict

Question 15

what is a cost benefit analysis ?

Answer 15

it is weighing up the social, environmental and economic benefits and costs to see if defending a coastline is economically worth it.

Question 16

what is an EIA ?

Answer 16

an environmental impact assessment. It assesses the current state of the environment, the effect different options would have on the environment and what stakeholders prefer.

Question 17

what is the effect of coastal management decision on stakeholders ?

Answer 17

you get winners (people who have benefited from the decision economically, environmentally or socially) and losers( people who haven’t benefited)