Cognitive Development

Question 1

Temperment

Answer 1

inborn predispositions to behave or react in a certain way (fussy baby)

Question 2

easy temperment

Answer 2

adapt well to new experiences with regular sleeping and eating schedules

Question 3

difficult temperment

Answer 3

easily irritated and fussy with irregular sleeping and eating schedules

Question 4

slow to warm up temperment

Answer 4

inactive and withdrawn babies that take a long time to adapt to new experience

Question 5

attachment (Ainesworth)

Answer 5

emotional bond between child and caregiver

Question 6

test to measure attachment

Answer 6

strange situation test, seperate and reunite caregiver and child

Question 7

secure attachment

Answer 7

viewing mother as a secure base to venture and explore. consists of normal distress when mom leaves, calms down, happy when she returns. Later in life they become more resilient and self reliant.

Question 8

ambivalent attachment

Answer 8

great distress when mom leaves, cries when she is gone, uncomforted by her return

Question 9

avoidant attachment

Answer 9

could mean no attachment, doesn’t notice when mom leaves, not distressed while gone, doesn’t notice her return.

Question 10

Jean Piaget’s development

Answer 10

described development as a series of mental changes that happen mainly due to maturation.

Question 11

1st stage of development: Sensorimotor period

Answer 11

birth-2. Main idea is that children are using their sense to explore the world.

Question 12

object permanence

Answer 12

even though something is out of sight, it still exists. Develops around 9 month, first sign of memory

Question 13

2nd Stage of Development: Preoperational period

Answer 13

2-7. Absence of logical thought, egocentrism, conservation, animism

Question 14

egocentrism

Answer 14

inability to think from other perspectives

Question 15

conservation

Answer 15

children lack it during period 2, understanding that although outside characteristics change it, remains the same

Question 16

animism

Answer 16

giving life-like characteristics to nonliving things

Question 17

3rd Period of Development: Concrete operational period

Answer 17

7-11, children think logically with present problems, mastery of conservation

Question 18

4th Period of Development: Formal Operational period

Answer 18

11-adulthood. Children can think abstractly and hypothetically.

Question 19

assimilation

Answer 19

explaining new experiences based on existing schemas. not changing current perspective

Question 20

accomodation

Answer 20

changing existing mental schemas due to new experiences

Question 21

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning - Preconventional Level

Answer 21

moral decisions are based upon external authority. Doing something to be rewarded or avoid punishment.

Question 22

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning - Conventional level

Answer 22

moral decisions are done based upon respect for law, others, and society. Consideration of others.

Question 23

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning - Postconventional level

Answer 23

moral decisions are done based upon own personal code of ethics. What may be morally right for one may not be right for all.

Question 24

Erikson:

Answer 24

Erikson’s Stage Theory of Social Development

Question 25

Stage 1 of Development

Answer 25

Trust vs. Mistrust - Is my world predictable and supportive? First year of life

Question 26

Stage 2 of Development

Answer 26

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Can I do things myself or must I always rely on others? Ages 2-3

Question 27

Stage 3 of Development

Answer 27

Initiative vs. Guilt - Am I good or bad? Ages 4-6

Question 28

Stage 4 of Development

Answer 28

Industry vs. Inferiority - Am I competent or am I worthless? Age 6-puberty

Question 29

Stage 5 of Development

Answer 29

Identity vs. Confusion - Who am I? Where am I going? Adolescence

Question 30

Stage 6 of Development

Answer 30

Intimacy vs. Isolation - Shall I share my life with another or live alone? Early adulthood.

Question 31

Stage 7 of Development

Answer 31

Generativity vs. Self absorbtion - Will I produce something of real value (contribute to society?). Middle adulthood

Question 32

Stage 8 of Development

Answer 32

Integrity vs. Despair - Have I lived a full life? Late adulthood

Question 33

Identity formation theory

Answer 33

James Marcia, identity forms with the presence or absence of commitment to life goals and a sense of crisis to resolve them resulting in four identity statuses

Question 34

Identity diffusion

Answer 34

appathetic about one's identity. Not searching for their identity and not caring to find it

Question 35

identity forclosure

Answer 35

a premature commitment to an identity, possibly pressured from a parent. Midlife crisis?

Question 36

identity moratorium

Answer 36

experimenting with different identities. Can lead to confusion

Question 37

identity achievement

Answer 37

arriving at a sense of direction and purpose after careful consideration

Question 38

authoritarian parenting/leadership

Answer 38

cold, strict rules, clear expectations and harsh punishments if not followed

Question 39

authoritative parenting/leadership

Answer 39

democratic style, high expectations, more leniant but in the middle

Question 40

permissive parenting/leadership

Answer 40

doesn't care very much at all, lets child do whatever they want, 'im not your mom, im your friend'

Question 41

crystallized intelligence

Answer 41

accumulated knowledge. increases with age. facts, general knowledge learned throughout life

Question 42

fluid intelligence

Answer 42

ability to reason speedily and abstractly. decreases with age

Question 43

cognitive component of emotion

Answer 43

your mental state

Question 44

behavioral component of emotion

Answer 44

nonverbal communication; body language

Question 45

physiological component of emotion

Answer 45

your body's autonomic response. Things such as heart rate, blood pressure, and galvanic response

Question 46

what does a polygraph measure?

Answer 46

heart rate, blood pressure, and galvanic response (physiological signs) which signals an emotion which could indicate lying. only accurate a third of the time

Question 47

James Lange Theory of Emotion

Answer 47

our physiological response causes our cognitive emotion. (feel it before you realize the emotion)

Question 48

Cannon Bard Theory of Emotion

Answer 48

physiological and cognitive responses of emotion happen seperately and simultaneously

Question 49

Schachter 2 Factor Theory

Answer 49

we have a cognitive appraisal of the event and physiological arousal to determine our cognitive emotion

Question 50

cognitive labeling

Answer 50

deciding to react a certain way (Schachter 2 Factor Theory)

Question 51

motivation

Answer 51

goal directed behavior

Question 52

drive (reduction) theory/instinct theory of motivation

Answer 52

motivated to reduce internal tensions + create homeostasis. we are pushed to do it.

Question 53

incentive theories of motivation

Answer 53

motivated by an external goal. we are pulled to do it. Intrensic vs. extrensic motivation

Question 54

optimal arousal theory of motivation

Answer 54

we seek higher levels of arousal or excitement. curiosity driven.

Question 55

basal metabolic rate

Answer 55

the rate at which your body burns energy when at rest. influenced by age, sex, body size, genetics, and diet. thinking in survival mode. bigger mass = faster metabolism

Question 56

set point theory

Answer 56

our bodies strive to maintain a set weight by raising or lowering BMR - your body also reacts to amount of fat you have stored.