1
Q
- Resistant to most chemicals
- Used for pipet tips, test tubes
A
Polypropylene
2
Q
-Most excellent temperature tolerance and
unparalleled chemical resistance
A
Teflon
3
Q
- Clear; stronger than polypropylene
(resistant to shattering) and has better
temperature tolerance - Chemical resistance is not as good
- Used for centrifuge tubes and graduated
cylinders
A
Polycarbonate
4
Q
Types of Pipette
A
Volumetric
Ostwald-Folin
Serologic
Mohr
5
Q
Type of Reagent Water
A
Type I
Type II
Type III
6
Q
- Purest type
- Recommended for procedures that require maximum purity and
minimal interference; for standard preparation
A
Type I
7
Q
- Acceptable for most laboratory procedures including REAGENT PREPARATION
A
Type II
8
Q
- Can be used for some qualitative tests but not for routine analyses and reagent preparation
- Water source for the preparation of Type I or II water and for
washing glass
A
Type III
9
Q
- Contain everything you need to know about a chemical reagent
- Must be available for reference by the staff
A
MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets)
10
Q
- Allowable exposure value during an 8-hour shift
- Inversely proportional to toxicity
A
TLV (Threshold Limit Value)
11
Q
Radiation type with a wavelength of <400nm
A
Ultraviolet
12
Q
Radiation type with a wavelength of >700nm
A
Infrared
13
Q
Radiation type with a wavelength of 400-700nm
A
Visible Spectrum
14
Q
number of moles of solute per liter (L) of
solution
A
Molarity
15
Q
number of moles of
solute per kilogram
(kg) of solvent
A
Molality
16
Q
number of equivalents
weights of solute per
liter (L) of solution
A
Normality
17
Q
Conversion factor of Glucose
A
0.05551
18
Q
Conversion factor of BUN
A
0.357
19
Q
Conversion factor of Uric Acid
A
0.0595
20
Q
Conversion factor of Cholesterol
A
0.02586
21
Q
Conversion factor of Triglycerides
A
0.01126
22
Q
Conversion factor of Creatinine
A
88.4
23
Q
Conversion factor of Bilirubin
A
17.1
24
Q
Conversion factor of Protein
A
10
25
- average or arithmetic mean
- commonly used in QC as a measure of center
Mean
26
- Central value or midpoint of a data set after the values have been ranked
or ordered
Median
27
- most frequently occurring value in a data set
- can be multimodal, bimodal, or no mode
Mode
28
68% of values fall within
1SD
29
95% of values fall within
2SD
30
99% of values fall within
3SD
31
- Ability of a test to detect a given disease
or condition
- The proportion of individuals who have the disease who also tested positive
Diagnostic sensitivity
32
- Ability of a test to detect the absence of
a given disease or condition
- The proportion of individuals who do not
have the disease which also tested
negative
Diagnostic specificity
33
- The probability that a positive test indicates
disease
- The proportion of individuals who tested
positive and who truly have the disease
Positive predictive value
34
- The probability that a negative test indicates
absence of disease
- The proportion of individuals who tested
negative and don’t have the disease
Negative predictive value
35
- Ability of a method to detect the smallest concentration of an analyte
Analytical sensitivity
36
Ability of a method to detect only the analyte of interest
Analytical specificity
37
- Due to chance or an
unpredictable cause
- Affects precision
- Affects few control
observations or samples
Random Error
38
- influences observations consistently
in one direction
- affects accuracy
- persists until troubleshooting is
performed
- affects all observations in a run
- shift and trend
Systematic Error
39
-Data points are distributed symmetrically around the mean (bell curve) with
most values close to the center; mean, median, and mode are identical
- 95% confidence limit: desired; control observations should fall within this limit
GAUSSIAN/NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
40
Examples of Anticoagulant Additives
EDTA
Citrate
Oxalate
Heparin
41
Examples of Clot Activators Additives
Silica
Celite
Diatomite
Thrombin
42
(most commonly used anticoagulant in CC)
Heparin
43
Example of an Antiglycolytic agent
Sodium fluoride
44
Prevents glycolysis
Primarily for glucose but
may also be used for
lactate and ethanol
Inhibits urease and uricase
(may falsely decrease BUN
and uric acid levels
respectively)
Sodium fluoride
45
Considered the standard venipuncture needle for routine venipuncture on patients with normal veins or for syringe blood culture collection
21 gauge
46
Measurement of the amount of light from a specific wavelength of the electromagnetic wavelength
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
47
The concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed and is inversely proportional to the logarithm of transmitted light
Beer's Law (Beer-Lambert’s Law)
48
- Distilled water, reagent, or sample used to subtract absorbances not due
to the analyte of interest
- Sets the spectrophotometer to 0 absorbance
Blank
49
The substance of known purity and concentration used to calibrate an assay
method or determine the concentration of the unknown analyte (for a
single analyte only)
Standard/Calibrator
50
A solution containing various analytes with known target values
Control
51
provides the light that the analyte in the sample will absorb
Light source
52
ensures that the light that enters the monochromator only comes from the
light source; prevents stray light
Entrance slit
53
selects a specific wavelength of the light emitted by the source (makes
polychromatic light monochromatic)
Monochromator
54
- further prevents stray lights and controls the bandpass
- ensures that only a narrow fraction of the spectrum will strike the sample
Exit slit
55
- Should be transparent to the wavelength of interest
- Light should pass through and not absorb any part of it
- Can be quartz, plastic, or glass.
Cuvet
56
- Light transmitted is the light which was not absorbed
- Transforms light into an equivalent amount of electrical energy which will be quantified by the meter (part of the read-out device)
- Most commonly used and most sensitive: photomultiplier
Photodetector/Photomultiplier
57
Principle: Measurement of the amount of light emitted by excited molecules
FLUOROMETRY
58
Principle: Measurement of light emitted by a chemical reaction; involves oxidation of an organic compound catalyzed by an enzyme, a metal, or hemin
CHEMILUMINESCENCE
59
most commonly used POCT
Blood glucose monitors (glucometers)
60
Used for determining electrolytes and blood gases
ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
61
Hypoglycemia: plasma glucose level
< 50 mg/dL
62
Panic value for hypoglycemia
<40mg/dL
63
Whipple’s triad of hypoglycemia
Symptoms of hypoglycemia
Low plasma glucose level
Relief of symptoms following correction
64
- autoimmune or idiopathic beta cell destruction leading to absolute insulin
deficiency
- Insulin-dependent
Type I DM
65
- insulin resistance with progressive insulin deficiency
Type 2 DM
66
- glucose intolerance during pregnancy that disappears post-partum but may convert to type 2 DM in 30-40% of cases within 10 years
- due to metabolic and hormonal changes
Gestational DM
67
Random Blood Sugar Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes Mellitus
>200mg/dL + symptoms
68
Fasting Blood Sugar Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes Mellitus
>126 mg/dL
69
2-hr PG (OGTT) Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes Mellitus
>200 mg/dL
70
HbA1C Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes Mellitus
>6.5%
71
Chemical Method for Glucose Measurement
Copper Reduction
Ferric Reduction
Condensation
72
Enzymatic Method for Glucose Measurement
Glucose Oxidase
Hexokinase
73
due to a deficiency of the enzyme GALT
Galactosemia
74
Enzyme deficient of Ia (Von Gierke)
Glucose-6-phosphatase
75
Are the largest lipoproteins and have the lowest density.
Chylomicrons
76
Carries endogenous triglycerides synthesized in the liver.
VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (VLDL)
77
A transitional form, as it is formed from VLDL and then further modified in the liver to LDL.
INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (IDL)
78
The body's major cholesterol carrier and transports a large amount of endogenous cholesterol. Known as "bad cholesterol," LDL is easily taken up by cells, so elevated levels are associated with increased risk for
atherosclerosis (atherogenic).
LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (LDL)
79
Is also known as "good cholesterol."
HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL)
80
Floating beta-lipoprotein
Migrates along with beta-lipoprotein but floats in ultracentrifugation
β-VLDL
81
Sinking pre-beta lipoprotein
Lp(a)
82
also known as Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome
Abetalipoproteinemia
83
Abetalipoproteinemia is also known as
Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome
84
Chemical methods for cholesterol
Abell Kendall method
Modified Abell-Kendall
GCMS (current reference method)
85
Friedewald equation
VLDL = TG/5 (mg/dL) or 2.175 (mol)
86
Most abundant NPN
UREA
87
BUN to Urea
Multiply by 2.14
88
Urea to BUN
Divide by 2.14
89
Reference method of Urea
Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS)
90
Very high plasma urea concentration accompanied by renal failure
UREMIA/UREMIC SYNDROME
91
Constitutes 5% of total plasma NPNs
CREATININE (5%)
92
Creatinine Chemical Method
Jaffe Reaction
93
Smallest in concentration; only comprises 0.2% of total plasma NPNs
AMMONIA (0.2%)
94
A major contributor to osmotic or oncotic pressure (most abundant plasma
protein)
ALBUMIN
95
Synthesized during gestation in the yolk sac and liver of the fetus, peaking at 13 weeks and declining at 34 weeks.
α – Fetoprotein
96
Positive acute phase reactant (APR)
Binds free hemoglobin to preserve iron
Haptoglobin
97
Positive acute phase reactant; has oxidase activity
Copper binding protein
Ceruloplasmin
98
Transports ferric form of iron
Transferrin
99
The most sensitive positive acute phase reactant
Enhances phagocytosis in inflammatory disease
Most useful nonspecific marker of inflammation
C-Reactive Protein
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
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