Computer test - GI tract Flashcards

Question

Amount of faeces/species/day (kg) ? - Horse - Cattle - Goat/sheep/swine - Dog

Answer 1

- Horse : 15-20 kg - Cattle : 15-30 kg - Goat/sheep/swine : 1-3 kg - Dog : 50-300g

Answer 2

Outer parts: Lips, chewing, musculature (cheeks), facial bones Inner parts: Cheeks, mucous membrane, teeth, tongue (FMD !!!), hard and soft palate, pharynx, tonsils, salivary glands and salivation

Answer 3

Outer inspection, palpation Passing of orogastric tube Radiography, endoscopy

Answer 4

→ Methods: Inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation, undulation test, rectal examination → Organs and sequence of examination: Abdomen (wall, cavity), stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines, anus, rectum → Other palpable organs (depends on the species): Spleen, Kidney, Bladder, Ovaries, Uterus, Prostate → Description of the palpatory findings: Localisation, shape, size, relation to their neighbourhood, painfulness, surface, consistency

Answer 5

Drooling due to Aujeszky’s disease/paralysis of trigeminus Uraemia, ulcus (color of the basement, how sharp is the edge…Teeth stones (cremor dentium) Distemper Tartar Epulis (fibroma) Prognatia superior: abnormal position of teeth Tonsillitis (unilateral : foreign body, tumor; if it is symmetrical, red : tonsillitis) Foreign body (basis of the tongue, soft palate, oesophagus,..)

Answer 6

``` FIV Stomatitis FeLV Panleukopenia Rhinotracheitis Calicivirus infections Bordetella infections, Uraemia, and hyper eosinophilic syndrome ```

Answer 7

Size, form (from above and both sides, change of the body position), skin surface, hair coat, local deformities, masses → Ascites, torsion, obesity, pregnancy, obstipatio

Answer 8

Done in STANDING position, with one and two hands, SYSTEMATICALLY from cranial to caudal, superficial – deep. Starts with the relaxation of the dog/abdomen → Painfulness: Acute abdomen (Ileus, pancreatitis, urolithiasis, pyelonephritis, spinal cord, etc.) → Temperature → Abdominal wall Thickness, defance → Palpable digestive organs: Stomach after feeding only, liver, intestinal tract, (LN), (pancreas), foreign bodies, ball of faeces

Answer 9

Finger to finger → Abnormal findings: * organs filled with gas and/or fluid * organ enlargement (local damping with fixed position) Undulation test : is there fluid ? → Undulation/pseudo-undulation → Ascitis, FIP, → Obstipation, megacolon, ileus , ... → Gastric torsion, intestine torsion, ... → Cushing: enlarged liver, fat accumulation, abdominal wall: thin muscle layer and skin

Answer 10

Detection of intestinal sounds (borborygmi) Detection of changes of normal sound Splashing Crepitation

Answer 11

Inspection, outer palpation Rectal digital palpation Rectal palpation (LA) : constipation, bones, prostate, LN - Rectoscopy

Answer 12

Kyphosis Arched back Forelegs wide apart, elbows turned out

Answer 13

Calf → Small reticulum; abomasum = 2xrumen 10-12 weeks → Abomasum = 1/2 rumen 4 months → Rumen + reticulum = 4x (omasum+abomasum) 6 month → considered as polygastric (sometimes often later) 18 months → full capacity 135-180L

Answer 14

Rumen : 80% LHS Reticulum : 50% middle of abdomen, to the left, xyphoid process, 6-9th ICS Omasum : 7-8% RHS, ventral, 6-9 ICS Abomasum : 8% in contact with abdominal wall, ventral

Answer 15

* Inspection – size, presence & grade of bloat (distension) : free gas, in small bulls, ... * Palpation on the left flank – ruminal contraction/5 minutes and intensity (depending on the function of rumen and feeding content) – LHS – use 4 fingers * Percussion - Normal : Upper 1/3rd = mild tympanic // Ventral 2/3rd = dull (more fluid and food content) - Frothy bloat – gases are finely dispersed so sounds is mildly tympanic. Rumen receptors for eructation = sensitive to gas → solving the foamy form of gas automatically solves the eructation problem. * Auscultation – continuous mild crackling sound – gurgling fluid and booming gassy sounds : rumen motility * Other exams – ruminal fluid, rectal exams, rumenograph, rumenotomy (diagnostic/therapeutic – to extract piece of iron,…)

Answer 16

In calves – caused by putrefying milk (half apple in the left side) Often alfalfa overfeeding – can be herd issue Distended rumen on LHS

Answer 17

Left side = half apple / right side = half pear Anterior functional stenosis – often pinched N. Vagus → less ruminal movement – causes distended LHS flank. The ruminal content is cream-like, frothy (instead of crunchy, with pieces). The causing bacteria has crossed-reaction with Brucella : so when we have a positive sample to Brucella, first examine the animal to exclude this case.

Answer 18

Rumen content is fluid, yellow-like. Special sound of the ruminal content (watery-like when the animal is moving). Solve with nasogastric tube, careful of the high pressure content (use a large diameter, and direct the tube towards the floor, or there will be a risk to move the fluid in the trachea). Numerous animals are sick and have to be cured individually. Do not use antibiotics.

Answer 19

To examine the RETICULUM pain * Kalchschmidt probe (zone test) : end inspiration, start expiration : scratch hair of flank- pain causes stopped expiration and grunts * Back grip : end expiration – lift skin of back – causes grunts * Knee-elbow test : slowly lift fist into abdomen, and suddenly release it back. Take care of breeding bulls, high productive diary cows (painful milk vein) * Pain percussion : rubber hammer – tap on opposite side to accustom the animal, then on reticulum * Pole test : lift pole from rear on both sides – move forward and await grunts

Answer 20

* Blood counts * Glutaraldehyde test – over 1.5 years – 5ml in 20ml syringe with 5 ml blood – if coagulates in 20 sec – shows inflammation – abnormal albumin: globulin levels * Abdominocentesis – but cattle blood rich in fibrinogen (Healthy – white / Peritonitis – mix of few drops with 3-5ml acetic acid and 100 ml water) * Rumenotomy

Answer 21

Give CuSO4 then 10 min later take abdominal centesis

Answer 22

Caused by gas * Auscultation - tinkling sound * Auscultation with ballottement – splashing sound * Auscultation with percussion – steel band effect – metallic - RHS – 10% - RDA – poor prognosis - LHS – 90% - LDA – better prognosis → abomasocentesis

Answer 23

``` Either restlessness (→ pain later – Torsion) or restlessness and pain started together Eating issue/e teeth issue Do not allow rolling! Horse may watch/kick abdominal cavity Dog-like sitting ```

Answer 24

``` Gl. parotis, mandibularis, sublingualis polystomatica minor Buccal glands (dorsal/ventral) ```

Answer 25

Dorsal/medium 1/3rd : dull tympanic | Ventral 1/3rd : dull

Answer 26

No imaging or physical examination → Amylase, lipase → Peritoneal fluid (not specific)

Answer 27

Deep in the diaphragmatic dome, assymetrical No physical examination → US, biopsy → Serum level of hepatic enzymes, bile salts, ammonia levels, glucose, bilirubin, clotting factors, plasma proteins...

Answer 28

``` 40% of the abdomen is palpable Mucous membrane Ampulla of rectum Bony pelvis Internal inguinal ring Prostate Vagina, uterus, ovaries Urinary bladder Small colon Abdominal aorta Cranial root of mesentery Left kidney Spleen Nephrosplenic ligament Nephrosplenic space Peritoneum Left ventral, dorsal colon Pelvic flexure Ampulla of colon Head of caecum Ventral, medial taenia of cecum ```

Answer 29

* Stomach : left side 10-15 ICS, medial to hylus of the spleen. Examine content, wall thickness, size.. * Small intestines : duodenum, jejunum, ileum * Caecum : right paralumbar fossa adjacent to the right kidney and descending duodenum. Examine wall thickness, content. * Large intestine : wall thickness, content (gas vs fluid), displacements

Answer 30

Colic, weight loss, anorexia, pyrexia, leucocytosis, leucopenia, elevated plasma fibrinogen, abnormal Xray findings, elevated liver enzymes or kidney values, abnormal peritoneal fluid,....

Answer 31

Check NG tube placement in neonatal foals, diagnose certain diseases in neonates , detect sand in the ventral colon, detect enteroliths

Answer 32

``` * Pulse : < 42 ok 42-60 passable 60-80 bad 90-100 severe 100-120 little chance ``` * Capillary refill time 2 sec ok 3-4 sec long 5+ very poor circulation 6+ life threatened

Computer test - GI tract Flashcards

(56 cards)