Computer test - Urinary Tract

Question 1

What type of stones can be seen with an US ?

• only the inorganic
• only the organic
• struvite and oxalate
• all of them

Answer 1

All of them

Question 2

Which is not a kidney evaluation parameter ?

Answer 2

Creatinine kinase

Question 3

What can be the cause for :

• Kidney enlargement
• Smaller kidney
• Kidney pain

Answer 3

• Kidney enlargement : acute nephritis, pyelonephritis, hydronephrosis (swelling), tumor (asymmetric enlargement)
• Smaller size : renal fibrosis, chronic nephritis, renal dysplasia
• Pain : renal stones, tumour, acute nephritis, pyelonephritis

Question 4

Which is the most important way to examine the UT ?

Answer 4

Urinanalysis
Inspection
Abdominal palpation

Question 5

Which is the most important part of urinary diagnostics ?

Answer 5

Laboratory examinations of urine and blood
Urinanalysis
Inspection
Abdominal palpation

Question 6

What are the signs of kidney failure ?

Answer 6

Chronic : smaller size

Question 7

What is false about the physical exam of kidney ?

• Right kidney is usually not palpable in horses
• Enlarged kidney size is always associated with renal disease in cats
• Decreased kidney size is always associated with chronic rena diseases in dogs
• Painful kidney might indicate acute disease, renal stone or tumour

Answer 7

• Decreased kidney size is always associated with chronic rena diseases in dogs

Question 8

Examination of the UT ,

Answer 8

Insepction, abdominal palpation (SA), rectal palpation (LA), digital palpation (SA), percussion (LA)
Additional exams : KTtherisation, lab exams (urinalysis, blood), radiographs, US, endoscopy/laparoscopy/cystoscopy, biopsy, laparotomy

Question 9

Signs of reduced concentration ability

Answer 9

Polyuria, polydipsia

Question 10

Signs of uraemia

Answer 10

Anorexia, vomitus, soporose

Question 11

Signs of protein loss due to glomerular disease

Answer 11

Oedema, ascites

Question 12

Signs of decreased reservoir function

Answer 12

Retention/incontinence

Question 13

Signs of dysfunction of micturition

Answer 13

Dysuria

Question 14

What is periuria ?

Answer 14

Urinating outside of the litter box

Question 15

Species where only left kidney is palpable ?

Answer 15

Dog, goat, sheep

Horse

Question 16

Species where both kidneys are palpable ?

Answer 16

Cat

Question 17

Lab examination of urine ?

Answer 17

• pH
• Specific gravity
• Keton
• Glucose
• Protein
• Puss
• Blood/haemoglobine
• Bilirubin-level
• Urobilinogen
• Sediments

Question 18

Examination of the urinary bladder in small animals (all except horse & cattle) ?

Answer 18

• Inspection
• Abdominal palpation :
• Normal condition empty (sometimes in SA a thickening of the bladder can be palpated) or distended
• Pathological conditions (Acute dilatation of the UB, chronic dilatation of the UB, thickened wall , pain, stones)
• Undulation test

Question 19

Examination of the urinary bladder in horse and cattle ?

Answer 19

Inspection
Percussion
Rectal palpation

Question 20

Examination of the urethra in females ?

Answer 20

Vaginal examination

• Inspection (opening of the urethra)
• Palpation
• Catheterisation

Question 21

Examination of the urethra in males ?

Answer 21

• Rectal examination (except cats) → palpation (pelvic part)
• Examination of perineum →Inspection (perineal part), palpation
• Examination of the prepuce and penis: inspection (penile part and opening of the urethra), palpation (penile part and opening of urethra) catheterisation

Question 22

Examination of the prostate

Answer 22

Male dogs

• Palpation (abdominal/rectal-digital : size, shape, symmetry, consistency, pain) and visualization (x-ray, US)
• Urinalysis
• Examination of prostatic fluid (prostatic massage)
• Examination of semen
• Cytology, biopsy