1
Q
Multilingualism within society
A
- The global norm, not exception
- Historically precedes any notion of monolingualism
2
Q
Causes of Multilingualism
A
- Migration (voluntary/involuntary)
- Industrialisation/Urbanisation
- Colonial policies
3
Q
Causes of Monolingualism
A
- Nation building and colonialism
- One nation, one language, one race
- Processes of distinction and identity constructions
4
Q
Language choice
A
Below the level of consciousness - people claim to just know when to use which language
5
Q
Factors leading to codeswitching
A
- Participants
- Solidarity
- Status
- Topic
- Affectivity
6
Q
Ferguson 1959 Diglossia
9
A
- Function
- Prestige
- Literary heritage
- Acquisition
- Standardisation
- Stability
- Vocabulary
- Grammar
- Phonology
7
Q
Welsh Diglossia History
A
- 19th Century stable Welsh Low and English High
- 1840 over two thirds spoke Welsh
- Industrialisation, more English
- 1930s Welsh diaspora, reduction
- 1980 20% pop. spoke Welsh
- Revitalisation
8
Q
Paraguay
Name and Date
A
- Bilingualism 1968 Rubin
- Spanish and Guaraní (indigenous)
- Urban people more likely to be bilingual
- Rural people monolingual in Guaraní
- Guaraní national pride signal
9
Q
Oberwart (Austrian town) history
Gal 1979
A
- Austrian but bordering Hungary
- Once Hungarian speaking but surrounded by German speakers
- After WW2 Hungarian banned in schools and German introduced, part of Austria
- Hungarian = peasant
10
Q
Double overlapping example
A
- Girl in Tanzania acquires tribal language as L and Swahili as H variety
- Studies at university, Swahili becomes L and English becomes high variety
11
Q
Double nesting example
A
Khalapur, India
- Hindi (H main) with conversational style (L) and Oratorical (H)
- Khalapur (L main) with clean speech (H) and gross speech (L)
