Concepts Week 8

Question 1

Examples of High and Low varieties in 2 countries

Answer 1

Egypt:

• Classical Arabic H
• Egyptian Arabic L

Haiti:

• Français H
• Créole L

Question 2

5 Domain examples

Answer 2

Family
Friendship
Religion
Education
Employment

Question 3

3 Global Language examples from the past

Answer 3

Greek - Philosophy and religion in the Eastern Mediterranean

Latin - education in Western Europe in middle ages

French - diplomacy 17th-20th century

Question 4

3 facts about English as a Global language

Answer 4

• 400 million mother tongue speakers
• 450 million 2nd/foreign language speakers
• 850 million total

Question 5

Global English uses

Answer 5

• Main language of literature, technology and international business
• 3/4 of the worlds mail

Question 6

Opinions on Global English

Answer 6

Positive - Globalisation of Western democratic discourse

Neutral - Socio-politically neutral

Negative - Globalisation of Western capitalist discourse

Question 7

Kachru’s circles

Answer 7

Middle:
- 375 million, UK, USA, Aus norm aka traditional base

Middle outer:
- 450 million, India, Jamaica developing aka 2nd language

Outer:
- 750 million, Holland, Italy, Japan dependent aka no relation to English colonies

Question 8

Causes of language spread

Answer 8

• Political influence
• Military power
• Economic power
• Religious circulation
• Travel/tourism

Question 9

Brief history of spread of English

Answer 9

5th Century: Germanic tribes migrate to Britain

5th-15th: Celtic, French and Latin influences

15th-19th: Colonial expansion and exploitation

18th-20th: Imperialism/Colonialism Africa

Question 10

English in India

Answer 10

• One of the official languages with Hindi
• pan-South Asian lingua franca
• Used in higher education, court and business
• Upward social mobility marker

Question 11

Alternatives to World Englishes

Answer 11

1. Russian
2. Spanish
3. Mandarin
4. French

Question 12

Brutality of language contact

Answer 12

• Unequal languages
• Result of colonial exploitation
• Modern slavery in America, children taken from mothers,exploited

Question 13

Example of Pidgin sentence

Answer 13

I give you three pig you give ten yam

Question 14

3 examples of English based creoles

Answer 14

Gullah
Pitkern
Bislama

Question 15

What are the 3 types of creole and the processes?

Answer 15

1. Pidgin straight to creole
2. Pidgin to stabilised pidgin, to creole
3. Pidgin to stabilised pidgin, to expanded pidgin to creole

Question 16

Examples of types 1,2 and 3 creoles

Answer 16

1. West Indian
2. Torres Straits
3. New Guinea Tok Pisin

Question 17

Attitudes to creoles

Answer 17

• Outsiders negative perception of them
• Baby talk, broken English
• Little institutional recognition
• Poorly learnt languages

Question 18

Pacific pidgins and creoles pronunciation

Answer 18

Avoid complex consonants and clusters, 5 vowels