Concussions

Question 1

TBI

approx how many people sustain a TBI each year in the US? what % are severe?

Answer 1

• 2.5 mil
• 10-25% are mod/severe

Question 2

TBI

most common cause in older adults? in younger adults?

Answer 2

• falls in older adults (1/3)
• MCV in younger adults (20-45%)

Question 3

TBI

most common sport to cause TBI?

Answer 3

1. football overall
2. girls soccer

Question 4

Concussion

how severe of TBI is this?

Answer 4

mild

Question 5

Concussion

what are mild TBI a result of?

Answer 5

direct external forces from brain being jostled around against intracranial surfaces

Question 6

Concussion

sx

6

Answer 6

• confusion
• amnesia
• HA
• Dizziness
• n/v
• LOC

Question 7

Concussion

PE exam components

3 components

Answer 7

• thorough history
• mental status exam (memory, attention, concentration)
• neruologic exam (CN, limb strength/reflexes, coord/gait)

Question 8

Concussion

pathophys of TBI

Answer 8

• axon stretch due to injury
• excitatory neurotransmitters released
• K+ efflux and Ca++ influx

Question 9

Concussion

metabolic changes

4

Answer 9

1. hyperglycolysis
2. lactate accumulation
3. mitochondrial dysfunction/oxidative phosphorylation
4. increased energy need/decreased energy production

Question 10

Concussion

recovery rates for:
* brain metabolism
* concussive sx
* ion imbalance

Answer 10

• 30d
• 15d
• 4d

Question 11

Second Impact Syndrome

describe

Answer 11

diffuse cerebral swelling in setting of second concussion

Question 12

Post Concussion Syndrome

risk factors

2

Answer 12

• female gender
• increased age

Question 13

Post Concussion Syndrome

sx

7 components

Answer 13

• HAs
• TMJ
• occipital neuralgia
• trigeminal nerve injury
• dizziness (lightheadedness, vertigo)
• sleep disturbances (insomnia)
• psychological changes (personality change, irritability, anxiety, depression)